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4月8日,香农芯创(300475.SZ)发布了2024年财报。财报显示,香农芯创2024年度实现营业收入为242.71亿元,同比大幅增长115.40%,实现了营收的翻倍式提升;然而,归母净利润却降至2.64亿元,同比减少30.08%。

其实近两年,香农芯创营收和利润的增速一直呈现“翘翘板”的状况。2023年,公司实现营收112.68亿元,同比下降18.19%;归母净利润则实现3.78亿元,同比20.37%的增长。

从资本市场表现来看,尽管香农芯创营收实现翻倍,但受关税战等因素影响,财报发布后股价继续下探。虽在最近几天有所修复,但相较于上个月,股价跌幅依然明显。

截至4月14日收盘,香农芯创股价报收29.48元/股,市盈率为51.08倍,总市值达到134.9亿元。而仅仅一个月前的3月18日,香农芯创的股价最高为45.19元/股,短短一个月股价近乎腰斩。

营收翻倍,利润下滑

投资亏损是主因

香农芯创的前身是1998年成立的安徽聚隆机械有限公司,早期主要专注于机械领域,主要是洗衣机减速离合器。2015年6月公司成功在深交所创业板上市,股票简称“聚隆科技”。

2020年开始,香农芯创正式向半导体行业转型;2021年,公司以16亿元全资收购电子元器件分销商联合创泰,并正式更名为“香农芯创”;2023年5月公司发布公告,与海外存储原厂、大普微电子等合作设立子公司海普存储(香农芯创控股35%),进军企业级存储领域。目前,公司已形成“分销+产品”一体两翼的发展格局,电子元器件分销和半导体产业链协同配合。

根据美国半导体行业协会(SIA)发布的数据,2024年全球半导体销售额约为6276亿美元,同比增长19.1%,其中存储产品的销售额达到1651亿美元,同比增长78.9%。

受益于行业的良好发展态势,香农芯创的营收取得了显著增长。香农芯创2024年营业收入同比大幅增长115.4%;其电子元器件分销业务作为主要收入来源,贡献巨大,该业务收入约为235.79亿元,占总营业收入的97.15%,同比增长115.23%。

然而,营收的大幅增长并未转化为利润的同步提升。2024年,香农芯创归母净利润下降至2.64亿元,同比减少30.08%。

注意到香农芯创的非经常性损益对公司的利润影响重大,在归母净利润大幅下降的同时,扣非后归母净利润却基本持平。这与公司之前的投资密切相关。

年报显示,2024年,在香农芯创的非经常性损益中,香农芯创及子公司持有的股权公允价值变动,以及处置股票产生的投资收益为-5746.43万元。

图源:香农芯创2024年度财报

具体来看,2024年香农芯创仍持有甬矽电子、微导纳米两家科创板上市公司股票,而这两家股票的公允价值变动便是这部分亏损的主要来源,亏损金额为6963.06万元,占利润总额的比例为22.92%。

然而即便去除这两笔投资公允价值变动及投资收益的影响,只看扣非后归母净利润,情况也不容乐观。营收翻倍,但扣非后归母净利润堪堪与2023年齐平。

毛利率反向下跌

成本端和费用端的压力严重侵蚀了香农芯创的利润空间。

财报显示,公司电子元器件分销业务的营业成本在2024年达到226.39亿元,同比增长118.10%,这使得公司毛利率从2023年的5.25%降至2024年的3.99%。

细究营业成本结构,可见主要的营业成本都来自于电子元器件分销业务,而在电子元器件分销业务中又以库存商品为主要构成,即公司电子元器件分销业务不涉及生产,销售的电子元器件全部外购,其库存商品占其营业成本比重99.94%。

图源:香农芯创2024年财报

半导体行业往往有很强的周期性,而存储器行业的周期性特征又尤其明显,其市场供需关系、产品价格等因素会随着行业周期的变化而大幅波动。从存储芯片来看,3-4年时间约为一个完整周期。而不少研究报告都指出,23H1三星、SK海力士、美光、西部数据和铠侠等厂商纷纷宣布减少产能,厂商降低关于存储业务的资本性支出,这促使存储周期提前进入复苏周期。

在这样的宏观背景下,香农芯创也顺势进行了提前备货。2024年末公司的存货水平达到了28.58亿元,较2023年末提高了近一倍。

然而2024年公司计提了1.5亿元的存货减值损失,而当年归母净利润仅为2.64亿元,存货减值损失占净利润近六成。从具体数据来看,2024年公司电子元器件分销业务的销售量和生产量分别同比下滑21.89%及17.94%,库存量却同比提升117.24%。

此外,香农芯创费用压力攀升。2024年,公司销售费用同比增长80.85%;管理费用同比增长153.15%;财务费用同比增长75.31%。这些费用的大幅增加,进一步压缩了利润空间,给公司的盈利能力带来了巨大挑战。

以上这两笔投资均是香农芯创于这两家公司IPO前取得的股权,是香农芯创向半导体行业转型布局的一部分。事实上,香农芯创涉足半导体行业的时间确实不算长,从年报上来说,2021年完成联合创泰的收购才算正式涉足半导体行业。而在行业深耕时间的不足或许正是香农芯创成本失控的原因。

资金缺口较大

报告期内,公司对前五大客户的销售金额为216.28亿元,前五大客户占营业收入的比例从80.81%提升至89.11%,客户集中度进一步上升。高客户集中度意味着公司的经营业绩在很大程度上依赖于少数几个大客户,一旦这些大客户的经营状况出现问题,或者减少对公司产品的采购量,公司的营业收入和利润将受到直接冲击。

同时,作为电子元器件分销企业,香农芯创主要代理境外电子元器件设计制造商的产品,对供应商依赖度较高。报告期内,公司的前五名供应商合计采购金额为237.74亿元,占比总采购金额的95.15%。

或许是由于下游客户的高集中度,截至2024年末,香农芯创的应收账款及应收票据继续增长,来到了12.51亿元;同时叠加存货积压对公司现金流状况的负面影响,2024年公司经营活动现金流量净额约为-4765万元,同比减少106.7%。

现金流的状况直接反映在公司的资金缺口上。截至2024年末,香农芯创的货币资金为8.98亿元,但同时,短期借款为13.26亿元,应付票据及应付账款为25.20亿元。

另外,公司还在为子公司做大额担保。在最新的担保进展公告中,公司披露,若最新一次的担保以本金最高担保额人民币3000 万元计算,公司累计担保(含反担保)合同金额52.98亿元,占公司2024年度经审计净资产的比例180.35%。这虽然在一定程度上支持了子公司的业务发展,但也增加了公司的或有负债风险。一旦子公司出现偿债困难,公司将不得不承担相应的担保责任,这无疑会给公司的财务状况带来更大的压力。

图源:香农芯创2024年度财报

香农芯创在短时间内快速切入半导体赛道,但同时,公司也面临着投资亏损、成本费用高企、存货积压、客户和供应商依赖等诸多风险和隐患。(《理财周刊-财事汇》出品)

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