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脔仙BY鲥鱼:美食探秘,舌尖上的绝佳享受
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文/博时基金指数与量化投资部总经理兼投资总监赵云阳

  当前,我国指数投资生态已具备产品多样性、机构主导性、技术支撑性及政策引导性四大特征,但仍面临A股高波动性、主动基金局部优势等挑战。未来需进一步推动ESG、REITs等创新产品,优化智能投顾服务,并加强投资者教育以巩固生态成熟度。被动投资的深化将重构市场定价逻辑,形成更高效、稳定的资本配置体系。

  指数化投资在过去几年中取得了显著的发展,这是多方面因素共同作用的结果,政策支持、市场需求、产品创新和市场生态建设是主要推动力。首先是政策支持。国家层面出台了一系列政策文件,如近期出台的《促进资本市场指数化投资高质量发展行动方案》,明确了指数化投资的发展方向和支持措施。另外证监会推动了ETF注册发行的简化流程,提高了产品上市速度,降低了市场进入门槛。

  其次是市场需求。随着投资者对被动投资工具的认可度提高,ETF等指数化产品的需求不断增加。特别是养老金、保险资金等中长期资金对指数化投资的配置比例逐渐增加,推动了市场规模的扩大。

  第三是产品创新。在证监会、交易所和基金公司共同努力下,市场不断推出新的ETF产品,如中证A500指数、科创200指数、自由现金流ETF等,为不同风险偏好的投资者提供了更多选择。

  第四是市场生态。 在交易所、指数编制机构、证券公司、基金公司等多方协作下,共同提高了投资者对指数化投资的认识和接受度,推动了指数化投资生态的完善。

  我们观察到,各市场参与者有不同的功能定位,共同推动了指数化投资的高质量发展。上层的监管机构主要负责政策制定和市场监管,交易所负责为ETF提供上市平台并举办各类活动和培训,指数编制机构负责各类指数的编制和维护。基金公司主要负责产品开发和投资管理,确保产品紧密跟踪基准指数。对ETF而言,做市商的功能非常重要,他们为ETF提供流动性支持,提高了投资者对ETF市场的信心,维护了ETF价格的稳定性,这对于吸引长期投资者非常重要,稳定的市场价格可以减少不必要的交易成本和心理负担。

  我国指数投资生态体系已初步形成

  随着被动浪潮席卷整个公募行业,我认为,我国指数投资生态体系已初步形成,体现在产品布局、市场结构、技术赋能、政策支持及投资者教育等多个维度。

  产品矩阵的多元化与创新

  一是体现为大类资产多元覆盖。当前,ETF产品类型已覆盖A股、跨境、债券、商品、货币等大类资产,投资者可以根据不同的风险偏好、收益规划,通过ETF工具进行大类资产配置或轮动,实现投资目标。

  二是宽基与行业主题指数全面覆盖。随着近期中证A500、科创综指等宽基指数ETF的集中发行,主流指数的布局趋于完善。同时,行业主题指数加速发展,当前行业主题指数已覆盖科技、消费、金融、周期等板块,特别是以芯片半导体、人工智能、机器人等科技主题ETF发展迅速。另外,Smartbeta指数方面,尽管当前Smartbeta产品仍以红利类资产为主,但产品谱图已初步形成。

  三是衍生品工具拓展。ETF期权已覆盖上证50、沪深300、中证500、中证1000、科创50、创业板等核心指数,可以更好地满足投资者多元化投资需求。

  我国ETF市场规模与机构化程度显著提升

  根据相关交易所数据统计,截至2024年底,被动权益类指数基金规模达3.96万亿元,首次超越主动权益基金(3.44万亿元),其中股票型ETF总规模突破2.9万亿元。中央汇金等机构重仓持有沪深300ETF等产品,机构投资者在指数权益基金中的占比达57%,推动市场定价权向被动工具倾斜。

  养老金、保险资金及企业年金等长线资金通过ETF大规模配置A股。个人养老金制度将85只权益类指数基金纳入投资范围,长期资金入市加速,形成“长钱长投”生态。要构建“长钱长投”,建议推进指数产品创新,研究推出多资产ETF,涵盖股票、债券、商品等多种资产类别,为中长期资金提供更丰富的投资选择。同时,开发“生命周期智能ETF组合”,根据年龄、风险自动调整股债比例,对接年金、险资等长钱机构需求。

  技术与政策双重驱动生态优化

  金融科技深度赋能,基金公司引入AI大模型(如DeepSeek)优化投研流程,提升报告解析与策略生成效率。同花顺等平台通过AI工具实现资产配置建议书一键生成,降低投顾服务门槛。

  政策支持与制度完善方面,注册制改革推动上市公司数量增加,被动投资的分散优势凸显。政策引导中长期资金入市(如社保、险资),并推出中证A500等战略指数,强化服务实体经济导向。

  投资者结构与行为转变

  我们观察到,机构主导与散户觉醒并存,投资理念从择时转向配置。

  机构资金通过ETF进行高效资产配置,而个人投资者因ETF的低费率(如VOO(先锋旗下标普500ETF)费率0.03%)、高透明度加速转向被动投资。年轻投资者更偏好简单透明的工具,推动ETF普及。

  “越跌越买”策略在A股ETF中表现显著,市场低迷时资金逆势流入(Wind数据显示,如2024年股票ETF净申购超330亿元)。投资者逐渐接受长期持有与分散化理念,降低对短期波动的敏感度。

  国际化与生态协同发展

  目前,跨境互联互通深化。沪港通、深港通等机制完善促进外资配置中国ETF,同时国内投资者通过跨境ETF布局全球市场。

  同时,基金公司、指数公司、券商、银行及金融科技平台形成协同网络,共建行业生态。例如,指数公司参与指数编制、券商提供做市服务,科技公司优化交易系统,共同提升ETF流动性及用户体验。

  展望未来,ETF有几个趋势值得重视。一是规模进一步向宽基集中。美国的标普500ETF、全美ETF等宽基ETF规模在万亿美元级别,国内的宽基ETF从2023年开始增速显著加快,但体量目前还较小,未来的发展空间巨大。

  二是产品创新空间巨大。例如运用期权的下跌保护、备兑增强等策略ETF,透明模式的主动ETF等,近年来海外发展迅速,是新产品的主要发展方向。

  三是重要的细分科技布局越来越多。随着人工智能、人形机器人、生物科技等技术的突破,细分科技方向的ETF将有巨大需求。

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