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转自:新华财经

新华财经北京4月18日电(崔凯)美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔于本周三在芝加哥经济俱乐部发表讲话时明确表示,不会因市场波动而采取紧急救市措施。鲍威尔的表态立即招致美国总统唐纳德·特朗普的强烈批评。

美国联邦储备委员会主席鲍威尔在华盛顿出席记者会 新华社记者胡友松摄

自特朗普开启第二任期以来,他与鲍威尔之间的矛盾愈发激化。这场冲突不仅凸显了美国政府与央行在货币政策上的深刻分歧,更引发了外界对美联储独立性可能受到侵蚀的广泛担忧。特朗普一贯坚持“经济至上”的理念,认为通过减税和放松管制可以为经济增长注入强劲动力;而鲍威尔则更加注重经济的长期稳定和潜在风险的防范。政策理念上的差异使得两人在多个场合针锋相对。

作为共和党背景的实用主义者,鲍威尔于2017年被特朗普提名接替珍妮特·耶伦担任美联储主席,打破了民主党人连续30年执掌美联储的传统。然而,特朗普原本希望鲍威尔延续宽松货币政策的预期很快落空。上任后,鲍威尔迅速回归美联储传统的政策立场。

2018年,美联储实施了四次加息,这与特朗普税改红利逐渐消退以及贸易战对经济的冲击形成了鲜明对比。企业借贷成本上升导致股市剧烈波动,直接冲击了特朗普引以为傲的股市成绩单。2019年,尽管美联储三次降息总计75个基点,但特朗普仍要求至少再降息100个基点,并公开指责鲍威尔“毫无胆量”。彼时,美国失业率已降至3.7%的历史低位,通胀接近2%的目标水平,传统货币政策的操作空间十分有限。鲍威尔坚持将这些降息视为“中期调整”,而非进入全面宽松周期,充分体现了他对经济过热风险的高度警惕。

特朗普打破了自1990年代以来总统不公开评论货币政策的惯例,仅在2018年就通过推特和媒体采访批评鲍威尔多达14次,甚至探讨了解雇他的合法性问题。这种频繁干预一度动摇了市场对美联储政策独立性的信心。

4月2日,美国总统特朗普在华盛顿白宫发表讲话新华社记者胡友松摄

鲍威尔艰难捍卫美联储独立性

随着2024年美国大选尘埃落定,当时市场就普遍预计特朗普的连任不仅会对美国政治格局产生深远影响,也将给美联储的独立性带来前所未有的挑战。

2024年11月7日,在特朗普胜选的消息传出后,鲍威尔在新闻发布会上神情严肃地表示,他不会因为特朗普的威胁而辞职,法律也不允许特朗普单方面解雇他。这番言论不仅安抚了市场的不安情绪,也彰显了鲍威尔捍卫美联储独立性的坚定决心。

本周三,鲍威尔在芝加哥经济俱乐部的一次活动中指出,特朗普政府推出的关税措施规模远超预期,甚至超过了美联储此前的最高估计。此番言论似乎进一步激怒了特朗普,后者随即在社交媒体上发表激烈言辞,指责鲍威尔“行动迟缓”且“决策错误”。特朗普认为,美联储本应像欧洲央行一样多次降息以应对当前经济环境。

在周四的讲话中,特朗普再次重申对鲍威尔的不满,称其为“动作迟缓”的人,并威胁道:“鲍威尔越快下台越好。”尽管如此,特朗普并未明确表示是否会采取实际行动撤换鲍威尔。

据知情人士透露,特朗普曾与前美联储理事凯文·沃尔什讨论过在鲍威尔任期结束前将其解职的可能性,并考虑由沃尔什接任美联储主席一职。然而,沃尔什劝阻特朗普不要解雇鲍威尔,主张应当允许他完成任期,避免干预美联储的独立性。这种对话持续到了今年2月,而特朗普的其他顾问甚至在3月初仍在与他讨论解雇鲍威尔的事宜。

早在2017年,特朗普就曾考虑让沃尔什担任美联储主席,但在权衡利弊后选择了鲍威尔,后者于次年正式上任。

美国财政部长史蒂文·贝森特私下警告特朗普,撤换美联储主席可能会增加市场不确定性,从而削弱投资者信心。

鲍威尔本人也曾多次强调,不会因总统的要求而主动辞职,并坚称将完成2026年5月到期的任期。

法律与制度的约束:特朗普能否解雇鲍威尔?

特朗普声称自己拥有解职鲍威尔的权力。“如果我想让他下台,他马上就会走人,相信我。”特朗普说。他还补充称,自己对鲍威尔在利率问题上的表现极为不满,指责其“玩弄政治”。

如果特朗普真的试图解职鲍威尔,相关事件几乎肯定会诉诸最高法院。此举不仅会给鲍威尔的继任者带来巨大压力,还可能引发市场动荡,因为市场会担忧美联储主席可能因政策分歧被罢免的先例。

根据《联邦储备法》,总统只能因美联储理事“履职不力或渎职”而解职,但具体标准从未经过司法检验。这种模糊性既是保护机制(需国会介入调查),也是潜在风险(总统可能滥用解释权)。2019年,白宫律师团队评估认为,强行解雇鲍威尔需要启动国会弹劾程序,这实际上构成了制度性否决。

美联储理事由总统提名并经参议院确认,任期长达14年,而美联储主席的任期为4年,远超总统任期。这种“错峰设计”确保了理事会具备抵抗短期政治压力的能力。例如,即使拜登在2022年有权提名新主席,鲍威尔仍将以理事身份留任至2028年。

特朗普政府的法律挑战:对1935年判例的直接冲击

知情人士透露,特朗普政府于4月12日向最高法院提交了一份紧急请求,要求授权总统立即解雇国家劳动关系委员会(NLRB)主席格温·威尔科克斯和功绩制保护委员会(MSPB)主席凯西·哈里斯。这一举动被视为对1935年《Humphrey’sExecutor案》判例的直接挑战。若最高法院支持该请求,将为特朗普解雇鲍威尔扫清法律障碍。

特朗普政府主张,宪法第二条赋予总统“完全监督行政机构的权力”,任何限制总统解雇权的法律均属违宪。其核心论点是:涉及重大行政权力的机构(如NLRB、MSPB)负责人必须接受总统直接控制,否则将削弱行政效率。特朗普政府要求最高法院跳过上诉法院裁决,于5月启动特别庭审,理由是“等待司法程序将造成不可逆损害”。

现行法律规定解雇美联储主席需有“正当理由”,但若最高法院推翻《Humphrey’sExecutor案》,将打破80年来的权力制衡格局。届时,总统可援引宪法条款直接罢免鲍威尔,无需提供具体理由。

对美联储独立性的考验:历史教训与未来展望

美联储的独立性长期以来被认为是维护宏观经济稳定的关键因素之一。然而,每当政治力量试图干预央行政策时,往往会导致通胀失控或市场信心受损。

假设特朗普单方面宣布解雇鲍威尔,可能触发联邦法院的紧急禁令。参考1951年杜鲁门强征钢铁厂案,最高法院曾以“总统权力不得僭越立法意图”为由推翻行政令,此判例对货币领域同样具有约束力。

1970年代,尼克松施压美联储主席阿瑟·伯恩斯维持低利率,最终导致1970年代滞胀危机。事后,伯恩斯坦言:“我们成了政治附庸,代价是摧毁美元信用。”这一教训直接催生了1977年《联邦储备改革法案》,明确将“价格稳定”纳入法定目标。

1980年代,里根虽公开抱怨保罗·沃尔克加息导致经济衰退,但始终未敢启动解雇程序,深知此举将引发市场崩盘。沃尔克最终通过驯服通胀(从14.8%降至3%)赢得了历史地位,证明央行独立性对长期经济健康的价值。

土耳其总统埃尔多安通过频繁撤换央行行长推行非正统降息政策,导致里拉贬值67%、通胀率超过85%。这种“政治主导型货币政策”的恶果成为美联储捍卫独立性的现实警示。

如今,在特朗普政府的关税政策和全球经济放缓的双重压力下,美联储正努力保持其政策自主性。然而,特朗普的公开批评和潜在干预威胁无疑增加了市场的不安情绪。

EvercoreISI分析师KrishnaGuha警告称:“如果美联储失去独立性,市场混乱或将加剧。”

独立性的“不可能三角”与制度进化

美联储独立性实质上是民主制度下的“受托人机制”——既要对民选政府负责,又需隔离短期政治干扰。特朗普的挑战暴露了这一制度的脆弱性,但也推动了新的防御共识。

在技术层面上,2023年美国众议院提出的一项议案要求美联储决策会议记录全程公开,希望通过透明化抵御政治干预;在国际层面上,2024年的G20央行行长联合声明首次纳入“维护货币政策独立性”条款,形成跨国制度同盟。

此事件折射出全球化退潮下的央行困境:当经济周期与政治周期高度重叠时,技术官僚的决策空间被严重压缩。

鲍威尔在2018-2024年间从“加息鹰派”到“救市先锋”再到“抗通胀斗士”的角色转换,本质上反映了美联储在政治压力、经济规律与国际环境三重夹缝中寻求平衡的努力。而特朗普的反复态度,则揭示了民粹政治对独立机构的工具化利用——既需要央行充当经济刺激的抓手,又将其作为转移矛盾的标靶。这种张力或将成为未来全球央行治理的持久挑战,美联储的独立性不仅是美国经济的防火墙,更是全球货币体系的基石。若制度防线失守,美元霸权或将迎来70年来最严峻挑战,而全球金融市场也将步入“高波动常态化”的新周期。

编辑:马萌伟

  4月17日,深交所对东方证券股份有限公司(以下简称东方证券)及相关当事人下发监管函。

  监管函显示,罗博特科智能科技股份有限公司(以下简称上市公司)拟通过发行股份及支付现金方式购买苏州斐控泰克技术有限公司(以下简称斐控泰克)81.18%股权、ficonTECServiceGmbH(以下简称FSG)和ficonTECAutomationGmbH(以下简称FAG)各6.97%股权。东方证券作为项目独立财务顾问,程嘉岸、罗红雨作为项目主办人,在执业过程中存在以下违规行为:

  2019年至2023年,斐控泰克陆续收购了FSG和FAG各93.03%股权。其中,2019年至2020年期间,上市公司控股股东苏州元颉昇企业管理咨询有限公司(以下简称元颉昇)、实际控制人戴军或者董事王宏军分别与5名斐控泰克股东签署协议,约定若在规定期限内中国境内上市公司等未能收购斐控泰克及FSG和FAG股权或者未达约定收益率的,由元颉昇、戴军或者王宏军回购其持有的相关股权或者对其进行收益补偿。前述5名斐控泰克股东同时也是本次重组交易对手方。

  上市公司未在重组报告书中及时披露上述对投资者作出投资决策有影响的信息。东方证券在尽职调查过程中知悉相关协议的签署,但未充分履行尽职调查职责,未督促上市公司及时予以披露。直至深交所发出《关于罗博特科智能科技股份有限公司发行股份购买资产并募集配套资金申请的并购重组审核委员会审议意见的落实函》(以下简称《落实函》)明确问询后,上市公司才于2025年3月24日在《落实函》回复及更新的重组报告书中披露前述协议内容及其解除情况。

  上述行为违反了深交所《上市公司重大资产重组审核规则》(以下简称《重组审核规则》)第十七条的规定。鉴于上述违规事实和情节,根据《重组审核规则》第七十三条的规定,经深交所纪律处分委员会审议通过,深交所决定:对东方证券股份有限公司、程嘉岸、罗红雨采取书面警示的自律监管措施。

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