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  杭州电报业务5月1日起停运,北京将成为国内唯一保留电报发报业务的城市——

  电报淡出,折射通信变迁

  近日,中国电信杭州分公司的一则公告引起了很多人的关注:杭州地区电报服务将从2025年5月1日起全面停止。杭州电报业务停运后,北京将成为国内唯一保留发报业务的城市。

  电报承载了哪些记忆?电报业务现状如何?电报未来会以什么形态存在?

  精准传输,曾经发挥重要作用

  在位于浙江省杭州市上城区惠兴路的电信营业厅里,专职电报员任宏还在坚守。从1981年起,任宏便从事电报工作。多年来,他一直坚持用发报码打字,一本标准电码本记录着4000多个数字编码,随手能翻译3000个常用字。比如,“03756015”就是“再见”的意思。在他的柜子里,有许多归档电报。“妈妈生日快乐。儿子”“祝您身体健康,全家幸福”……这些问候,都是通过一串串电波发送的。

  在很多中老年人的记忆中,电报曾经在生活中发挥着不可替代的作用。

  家住安徽省黄山市的徐霞英在1980年至1998年曾长期担任县邮电局的电报员。“那个年代,我们国家电话的普及率还很低,远距离通信等待时间较长。电报凭借点对点的精准传输能力,成为那个年代各地互通信息的重要方式。比如,气象部门正是通过电报,将气象数据、洪涝预警等关键信息传递出去,确保相关地区提早应对。”徐霞英回忆说。

  “黄金时期,我们每天要收发1000多份电报。现在有了电话和微信,有了4G、5G,用电报的人就越来越少了。”谈及电报逐步退出通信舞台,任宏感慨万千。但他觉得,这是时代发展的必然,通信技术的进步终归是好事。

  据中国联通北京通信电信博物馆文史专家刘海波介绍,美国艺术家塞缪尔·莫尔斯于1837年利用电磁原理发明了电报机,并创立了莫尔斯电码。经过改良后,他于1844年5月24日在美国华盛顿和巴尔的摩之间发送了人类第一份长途有线电报。1881年12月28日,天津至上海长途电报线竣工,全长1700多公里,沿线七个局栈同时开通电报,成为中国大陆第一条电报干线。这一天,也成为中国自办电报业务之始。

  在浙江大学信息与电子工程学院教授余官定看来,世界上开展电报业务将近200年,随着通信技术突飞猛进,人们通信方式的选择也更加丰富。数据显示,截至2024年底,全国电话用户总数达到19.56亿户,其中移动电话用户总数17.9亿户,普及率为127.1部/百人;移动互联网用户达15.7亿户,全年移动互联网月户均流量(DOU)达18.18GB/户·月;固定互联网宽带接入服务加快普及,其中农村宽带用户总数已达2亿户;2024年,全国新建光缆线路长度856.2万公里,光缆线路总长度达7288万公里,稳居世界第一。通信工具日新月异,通信产业快速发展,电报业务逐步“淡出”舞台成为一种必然趋势。

  怀旧者众,纷纷珍藏时代记忆

  目前,即便在北京,保留电报业务的也只有中国联通西单营业厅这一个地方。杭州电报业务即将停运的消息传来后,该营业厅的电报窗口开始热闹起来。

  “平时,电报业务量已经不大,且以无线电爱好者居多。不过,最近明显回暖,许多年轻市民甚至特意赶来打卡,排队填写纸质电报单,发往天南海北。也有不少人把收件人地址写成自己,珍藏这份时代的记忆。”中国联通西单营业厅经理吴薇说。

  尽管电报由于通信业的发展逐步退出历史舞台,但许多人并不希望看到“电波彻底消失”。

  家住江西省上饶市的居民朱先生至今仍然记得,1984年暑假期间,因爷爷病情严重,父亲要求自己给远在江苏苏州的姑妈发电报告知情况。“当天上午,我从乡下搭车到县城邮政局发出电报,下午姑妈就在家中收到讯息,次日一早她便立即启程往家赶。”朱先生说,当时电报收费5分钱一个字,为了节约电报费,他与父亲反复斟酌推敲,力求电报内容简洁。即便如此,还是花费了1元钱左右。“在当年,这可是一笔不小的开支呢!”

  北京市民王女士说,自己这次是专程请假赶来西单营业厅体验电报业务。“我不仅给朋友发了电报,也给自己发了一份,内容是祝福和留念。”她说,电报作为一种独特的交流方式,有着别样的意义。希望电报能够给更多人留下一份纪念,让人们在字里行间感受到庄重的仪式感和历史的厚重感。

  “我经常在影视剧中看到电报,也从老一辈人那里了解到不少关于电报的内容。电报在国家的发展历程中扮演着重要的角色,希望电报业务能够保存下来,让我们和下一代人能有机会能体验这串电波的魅力。”深圳市民彭皓天说。

  角色转换,赋予新的应用场景

  目前,电报业务如何运行?

  据介绍,杭州电报业务停运后,北京将成为国内唯一保留发报业务的城市。仅能收报的地方,还有合肥、福州和广州等少数地区。随着通信技术的不断演进,即便是应急渠道也已经不再依赖电报。中国联通西单营业厅为用户受理电报业务,将收集的业务信息转派到电报大楼后台,由后台通过来报机打印出电报,并按本市或外省分类进行封装投送或转发外省。虽然过程已不再依靠传统电报码机,甚至多数终端设备早已老化或停用,但传统的电报封套和报文保住了电报作为“正式文本”的独特意味。

  在价格方面,这里的电报发报价格维持着自1992年起的水平——每字0.14元。“中国联通之所以会保留电报业务,主要基于两方面考虑。一是出于对电报悠久历史的传承和尊重,因为电报曾在通信发展历程中占据着重要地位,承载了几代人的记忆。二是为给人们保留一个体验电报文化的窗口,让更多人有机会接触和感受这种通讯方式的独特魅力。”北京联通市场部业务主管张静说。

  从无线电波到5G网络,从人工接线到智能化服务,每一次跨越都折射着通信技术的发展与通信方式的变迁。

  好消息是,中国联通目前并没有关闭电报业务的计划,将继续投入资金为百姓提供电报业务体验。据介绍,下一步中国联通将尝试探索将电报融入特定场景,例如旅游纪念、文化活动等,赋予它新的应用场景和意义。

  “正是电报,让人们第一次有机会跨越自然的‘天堑’、获得信息的‘通途’。目前,北京通信电信博物馆已经收藏陈列了电报大楼历史上使用过的电传打字机、电子电传机、传真机等设备,还有电报大楼营业日戳、不同时期的发电稿纸、曾经的礼仪电报卡封、不同时期的汉字电码本等实物。”刘海波说,未来希望可以让更多人了解电报业的发展历史。

  王俊岭李翼然

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