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  作者:陆  毅 蔡熙乾

  实体经济是经济发展的根基,金融是国民经济的血脉,二者共生共荣,服务实体经济是金融立业之本。《习近平经济文选》第一卷(以下简称《文选》)中多篇著作都对金融与实体经济的关系问题作出深刻论述。比如,《服务实体经济,防范金融风险》指出:“为实体经济服务是金融的天职,是金融的宗旨,也是防范金融风险的根本举措”;《贯彻新发展理念,建设现代化经济体系》指出:“深化金融体制改革,增强金融服务实体经济能力,提高直接融资比重,促进多层次资本市场健康发展”;《走好中国特色金融发展之路》指出:“我国金融必须守好服务实体经济本分,推动高质量发展,决不能脱实向虚”;等等。这些重要论述深刻阐明了金融和实体经济共生共荣的关系。深入学习《文选》中关于金融服务实体经济的重要论述,才能走好中国特色金融发展之路,以金融高质量发展更好服务实体经济发展。

  坚持金融服务实体经济是走中国特色金融发展之路的内在要求

  习近平总书记在《走好中国特色金融发展之路》中指出:“实体经济是金融的根基,金融是实体经济的血脉,服务实体经济是金融的天职。”实体经济是一国经济的立身之本、财富之源。实践证明,实体经济的繁荣发展是提升国家竞争力的关键。我国是个大国,必须发展实体经济,不断推进工业现代化、提高制造业水平。

  当前,随着新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展,数字技术、人工智能等前沿科技与制造业深度融合,正在重塑全球产业格局,催生新的生产方式、产业形态和商业模式。面对这一重大历史机遇,我们必须深刻把握数字技术与实体经济融合发展的战略机遇,着力推动制造业向高端化、智能化、绿色化方向发展,持续强化我国在全球产业链中的重要地位,不断提升我国经济的创新力和竞争力。

  金融作为实体经济的血脉,具备媒介交易、配置资源、发现价格、管理风险等重要功能,对实体经济发展的方向、速度、质量等有着重要影响。高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。金融要为经济社会发展提供高质量服务,必须坚守金融服务实体经济的根本宗旨,持续优化服务,拓展服务的深度与广度,为实体经济提供更高质量、更有效率的金融支持。

  以金融高质量发展服务实体经济,离不开营造良好的货币金融环境。随着我国经济从高速增长阶段向高质量发展阶段转变,金融服务实体经济的方式也需要实现从“外延式扩张”向“内涵式发展”转变。以往通过信贷大规模扩张来推动经济增长的方式已经难以为继。信贷增速需要与经济增长的提质增效相匹配,防止“脱实向虚”或“金融空转”等问题的出现。在全球经济不确定性显著增加的背景下,2024年中央经济工作会议提出,要实施适度宽松的货币政策,发挥好货币政策工具总量和结构双重功能。这有利于推动资金更快更多流向实体经济。

  在总量调控方面,进一步发挥总量性货币政策工具在跨周期和逆周期调节中的重要作用。根据国内外经济金融形势和金融市场运行情况,灵活调整政策节奏,在经济扩张期适度收紧流动性,防范出现经济过热风险;在经济承压期加大流动性投放,激发投资与消费活力,稳定市场预期,充分发挥货币政策的宏观稳定器作用。通过有效调节货币供应量与信贷增速,保持流动性充裕、金融总量稳定增长,使社会融资规模、货币供应量增长与经济增长、价格总水平预期目标相匹配,为经济稳定运行创造适宜的货币金融环境。

  在结构优化方面,进一步发挥结构性货币政策工具在推动经济结构调整与产业升级方面的重要作用。与传统的总量调控工具相比,结构性工具更注重“精准滴灌”,通过再贷款、定向降准等方式,将央行资金与金融机构对重点行业和领域的信贷投放紧密挂钩,有效引导金融资源投向国家重大战略、重点领域和薄弱环节,优化资源配置,降低融资成本。例如,通过支农支小再贷款、科技创新再贷款、设备更新改造专项再贷款、普惠小微贷款支持工具等,增强对“三农”、科技创新、中小微企业等重点领域的金融供给,提升金融服务的覆盖面与有效性。

  坚持金融服务实体经济要以打造现代金融机构和市场体系为重要抓手

  习近平总书记在《为经济社会发展提供高质量金融服务》中指出:“我国金融体系规模已经很大,但资金配置不均衡,融资结构不合理,可以说不缺资金缺本金,关键是提高融资效率,重点解决资金‘苦乐不均’和‘钱多本少’、‘耐心资本’不足等问题。”目前,我国已建立起涵盖银行、证券、保险、信托、基金、期货等多领域多层次的现代金融组织体系,金融机构综合实力显著提升,规模优势日益凸显。同时要看到,我国金融机构仍存在发展不平衡、核心竞争力不足等问题,金融服务实体经济的质量和效率均有待提高,国际影响力仍需进一步增强。

  提升金融服务实体经济的质效,必须以打造现代金融机构和市场体系为着力点和重要抓手。党的二十届三中全会从党和国家事业发展全局出发,对深化金融体制改革作出重要部署,提出“完善金融机构定位和治理,健全服务实体经济的激励约束机制”,为构建服务实体经济的现代金融机构体系指明了方向。构建现代金融机构体系,要完善机构定位。国有大型金融机构应充分发挥资源整合与配置作用,聚焦重点产业、关键领域和国家重大战略任务,做强做优、稳健经营,充当服务实体经济的“主力军”和维护金融稳定的“压舱石”。中小金融机构需要“减量提质”,根据本地资源禀赋和发展实际,强化差异化、特色化发展,补齐服务短板。政策性金融机构应厘清边界,聚焦服务国家战略,主要做商业性金融机构干不了、干不好的业务,为商业性金融机构不能覆盖的领域提供补充。同时,要推动证券、基金、保险、信托等非银行金融机构发展多元化产品,拓宽直接融资渠道,为实体经济提供更具包容性和灵活性的融资选择。

  此外,还要不断完善市场体系,优化直接融资和间接融资,股权融资和债券融资的比重,提升金融资源配置效率。一方面,要加快健全多层次资本市场,优化融资结构。资本市场能通过优化资源配置、促进资本形成、完善公司治理等功能,助力新型工业化发展,推动企业转型升级和科技创新,为实体经济高质量发展提供有力支持。另一方面,要加强债券市场制度建设。债券市场作为筹措中长期资金的重要场所,能为各类经营主体提供高效稳定的直接融资渠道。为此,要进一步健全债券发行、交易和管理制度,提高债券市场市场化定价能力和市场韧性,促进债券市场高质量发展。

  坚持金融服务实体经济要以推进金融高水平开放为重要途径

  开放是金融业改革发展的重要动力。习近平总书记强调:“要通过扩大对外开放,提高我国金融资源配置效率和能力,增强国际竞争力和规则影响力,稳慎把握好节奏和力度。”推动金融高水平开放,不仅是我国融入全球金融体系、增强我国金融体系韧性与竞争力的战略选择,更是提高金融资源配置效率和能力、促进金融市场发展、增强金融服务实体经济能力的重要路径。

  一方面,以制度型开放为重点推进金融高水平对外开放。通过不断完善金融市场制度规则,对标国际高标准经贸协议中金融领域相关规则,逐步扩大金融领域的规则、规制和标准等方面的制度型开放,增强金融领域开放政策的透明度、稳定性和可预期性,从而吸引更多长期资本和优质金融机构来华展业兴业。另一方面,坚持“引进来”和“走出去”并重。推动金融高水平开放,还应着眼于提升跨境投融资便利化水平,推动我国实体经济更好地“走出去”。要推进人民币跨境使用、拓展企业境外融资渠道、加强金融基础设施建设等,助力中国企业深度参与国际产业链、价值链与创新链合作。此外,不断完善对共建“一带一路”的金融支持。通过创新投融资模式、拓宽投融资渠道、丰富投融资主体等方式,构建多元化金融支持体系,为共建“一带一路”国家和地区提供更加稳定、高效、可持续的金融支持,推动共建“一带一路”实现高质量发展。

  推动金融高水平开放必须统筹兼顾金融安全。金融安全是国家安全的重要组成部分,是经济平稳健康发展的重要基础。习近平总书记在《走好中国特色金融发展之路》中指出:“要把握好开放的节奏和力度,切实提升金融监管能力,以更高水平风险防控保障更高水平金融开放。”这是由金融开放的特殊性和风险性所决定的。从国际经验看,金融开放后,国际金融市场的波动更容易传导至国内,国际游资的大规模流动、利率和汇率的剧烈波动等外部风险因素,都可能对国内金融体系造成冲击。同时,金融开放会加速金融创新,使金融产品和业务模式日益复杂化,一些复杂的金融衍生品会掩盖风险,一旦市场环境变化,风险可能迅速暴露并在金融体系内扩散。

  完善的金融安全保障体系,既能避免金融市场动荡引发经济衰退,又能增强国际投资者信心,吸引更多优质资本和机构,提升国家在国际金融领域的竞争力。为实现金融高水平开放下的高水平安全,需从多方面协同推进相关工作。一方面,应持续推进金融高水平开放,以开放促改革、促发展。通过开放,增强金融业的竞争力与抵御风险能力,提升人民币资产的国际属性,以及金融市场和外汇市场的韧性,夯实金融安全的基础。另一方面,金融开放必须守好安全底线,做到“放得开”“管得住”。着力提升监管能力和风险防范水平,加强外汇市场“宏观审慎+微观监管”管理,优化跨境资本流动监测、分析、评估、预警机制,丰富政策工具箱,有效防范国际风险的外溢和冲击,强化监管全覆盖,严厉打击违法违规活动。同时,加强国内不同监管部门之间的政策协调和行动协同,避免出现监管空白和重叠,切实筑牢国家金融与经济安全防线。

  (作者单位:清华大学五道口金融学院、厦门大学经济学院)

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