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  转自:北京商报

  年报季接近尾声,中药企业陆续披露2024年财报,北京商报记者梳理15家典型中药企业财报数据发现,整体业绩呈现出分化态势。在市场竞争加剧、原材料价格波动以及政策环境变化等多重因素影响下,中药企业的营收和利润表现各有不同。与此同时,各企业也在积极探寻第二增长曲线,以谋求更长远的发展。

  核心产品影响营收

  从营业收入来看,白云山以749.93亿元的规模在15家中药企业中名列前茅,尽管营收规模领先,但白云山营业收入较之前略有下滑,同比下降0.69%,显示出行业龙头在市场拓展和业务维持上也面临一定的挑战。

  云南白药紧随其后,营业收入达到400.33亿元,但增速不高,保持了稳健的发展势头。其多年来在中药日化等领域的多元化布局,如云南白药牙膏等产品,为营收增长提供了有力支撑。

  然而,太极集团和康缘药业等企业的营业收入出现了明显下滑。太极集团2024年营业收入123.86亿元,同比锐减20.72%。北京商报记者注意到,太极集团近十年以来几乎少有新药问世,业绩基本由历史上形成的几款产品贡献。藿香正气口服液作为太极集团的明星大单品,市场份额正在逐步被其他品牌蚕食。据国家药监局官网信息,国内获得“藿香正气”相关批文的产品已多达628项,生产单位也逾百家。2024年,太极藿香正气口服液10ml×10支×70盒的销量同比下滑35.34%,产量更是腰斩。同时,复方对乙酰氨基酚片销量也暴跌54.74%,库存量同比增长163.88%。主打产品的销量下滑,加剧了太极集团的业绩压力。

  核心产品影响营收,几乎成了中药企业的共性问题。白云山2024年营收规模虽超700亿元,但却出现下滑趋势,背后原因也是核心产品有一定减量。2024年,白云山大健康业务营收同比下降12.7%,比上年少卖了14亿元,王老吉凉茶没能守住百亿大单品的基本盘。药物中收入最高的大单品枸橼酸西地那非片,在2024年也出现明显下滑,营收10.34亿元,同比下降19.81%,且库存量激增49.78%。这再次印证了核心产品对中药企业营收的重要性,以及在新药研发和市场开拓方面所面临的挑战。

  同样面临营收困境的还有达仁堂,营业收入73.07亿元,同比下降11.14%;天士力营业收入84.98亿元,同比下降2.03%。这些企业均存在产品老化、创新能力不足的问题。

  医药行业分析师朱明军告诉北京商报记者,在消费者需求日益多样化的当下,若不能及时推出满足市场需求的新产品,就难以在市场中占据一席之地。多家中药企业出现不同程度的营收下滑,这反映出整个行业在市场拓展方面遭遇的瓶颈。

  原材料价格带来的利润考验

  在归母净利润方面,分化现象同样显著。云南白药以47.49亿元的归母净利润领先,且实现了16.02%的增长;华润三九2024年归母净利润为33.68亿元,同比增长18.05%。佐力药业、东阿阿胶等企业也实现了归母净利润的增长,这些企业在实现营收增长的同时,较好地平衡了成本和收益的关系。

  但也有利润表现较差的企业。15家典型中药企业中,有6家企业归母净利润出现同比下滑,占比四成,企业的盈利能力受到严峻考验。其中,天士力、康缘药业、白云山和太极集团是为数不多营收和利润双降的企业。

  太极集团再次成为“重灾区”,归母净利润仅0.27亿元,同比暴跌96.76%。这一业绩表现创下了太极集团近年来的最低水平,而背后是太极集团税务管理上的漏洞。在年报发布前夕,太极集团发布了一则补缴税款的公告,子公司西南药业和中药材公司补缴税款及滞纳金共计1亿元。西南药业需补缴所得税8000万元,中药材公司需补缴增值税及滞纳金2000万元。这一巨额补税直接计入2024年当期损益。

  同仁堂2024年归母净利润15.26亿元,同比下降8.54%,陷入“增收不增利”的困境;康缘药业归母净利润3.92亿元,同比下降26.99%,营收净利双双下滑;健民集团归母净利润3.62亿元,同比下降30.54%,这也是其近六年来年度业绩首次出现下滑;白云山归母净利润28.35亿元,同比下降30.09%,创七年新低。

  2024年,同仁堂营业成本达到104.21亿元,同比增长10.7%,销售费用35.95亿元,同比增长4.62%。成本挤压下,同期同仁堂主营产品毛利率为43.77%,同比减少3.34个百分点,创下了五年来的最低水平。

  朱明军称,这些中药企业归母净利润下滑的原因较为复杂,除了营收下滑的因素外,原材料价格上涨导致的生产成本增加、研发投入加大但短期内未能转化为收益、市场推广费用增加等都是重要原因。中药原材料的质量和价格对中药企业的生产和盈利有着至关重要的影响。原材料价格上涨直接增加了企业的生产成本,利润空间就会被压缩。

  北京商报记者注意到,同仁堂核心产品如安宫牛黄丸依赖的天然牛黄价格从2023年初的65万元/公斤涨至2024年中的165万元/公斤,涨幅超150%。这也导致同仁堂心脑血管产品毛利率同比下降8.31个百分点至49.31%,首次跌破50%。

  健民集团在2023年年报中也曾指出,医药工业板块正面临着下行压力,部分中成药产品营收上升但利润却出现下滑,主要系其相关中药材涨价。2023年,有部分常用药材受市场因素影响导致短期需求猛增,价格上涨超过一倍,如猫爪草、白术、鸦肥子、辽细辛、白芍、刺五加、冬瓜子、百合、胖大海等。

  研发投入“贫血”

  除中药原材料价格上涨外,研发与创新不足同样制约着中药企业的发展。医疗战略咨询公司LatitudeHealth创始人赵衡表示,虽然中药有着悠久的历史和丰富的经验,但在现代医学快速发展的今天,部分中药企业仍然依赖传统的经典方剂,缺乏对新药的研发和对中药现代化技术的应用。一些企业的研发投入主要集中在对现有产品的改良上,真正具有创新性和突破性的新药研发较少。研发投入不足使得企业难以推出具有核心竞争力的新产品,无法满足市场对高品质、创新型中药产品的需求。

  在中药领域,研发投入低、销售费用高的现象依旧限制部分中药企业发展。此次统计的15家上市中药企业中,有四成企业的研发费用不足2亿元,7家企业的研发费用出现同比下滑。

  有业内人士向北京商报记者表示,中药企业研发投入不高,这主要是由于中药企业多依赖传统产品和销售渠道,对创新投入重视不足。虽然近年来国家大力推动中医药现代化、国际化,但部分中药企业在研发方面的投入仍显滞后,这不仅影响了企业的长期发展,也制约了中医药行业的整体进步。

  北京商报记者注意到,对比研发投入,很多中药企业的销售费用水涨船高。15家中药上市企业中,有12家2024年销售费用超过10亿元,5家2024年销售费用超过30亿元。

  不过,受行业下行压力的倒逼,近几年众多中药企业积极探寻出路,纷纷布局第二增长曲线。例如,东阿阿胶围绕男士滋补领域打造第二增长曲线,2023年推出男士健康滋补品牌“皇家围场1619”,开发健脑补肾口服液、海龙胶口服液等男科产品;2024年发布“壮本”品牌及阿胶肉苁蓉原浆、肉苁蓉原浆等新产品。

  济川药业则在近几年不断加大BD布局,与天境生物、恒翼生物等达成合作,优质项目持续落地,凭借销售能力和渠道优势,有望围绕BD管线打造新的增长点。除药品业务外,济川药业还涉足中药日化领域,开发蒲地蓝牙膏等产品,拓展大健康事业。

  还有一些中药企业另辟蹊径,以人工智能作为转型发力点。例如,云南白药明确将“AI+医疗”定位为战略转型的核心方向,将人工智能、大数据及云计算等AI技术深度融入种植、加工、研发、生产、营销等各个环节,加速实现数智化转型,重点聚焦于中药现代化与健康产品的智能化升级。

  北京商报记者王寅浩

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