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  今日A股上午震荡走弱,但尾盘翻红。宽基层面,上证指数收涨0.26%,报3276.00点,深证成指下跌0.85%,创业板指下跌1.21%,科创综指下跌0.35%。量能方面,市场成交总额11119亿元,较前一交易日的10772亿元增加347亿元。大型宽基ETF的成交额在尾盘也出现了明显抬升。

  行业层面,黄金、交运、基建、红利国企等偏防守板块涨幅居前,唯一的特例为半导体产业链;其余进攻型板块集体下跌,人工智能、港股科技、工业母机、通信领跌。

  由今日市场结构可见,短期情绪较弱。个股层面,全市场共1008只股票上涨,4310只股票下跌;风格层面,小盘明显弱于大盘,成长弱于价值,双创弱于主板。整体而言,市场今日风险偏好偏弱运行。

  上周美国关税政策飘忽不定,同时美国关税政策和债务到期压力加剧经济衰退和金融流动性萎缩风险,市场避险情绪大幅抬升,同时美元指数大幅下挫,对于金价均构成一定利好,金价大幅抬升、再创历史新高,黄金基金ETF(518800)今日涨超2%。

  特朗普的政策主张来看,激进的关税政策加剧了美国经济陷入“通货膨胀与经济停滞并存”的“滞胀”风险;同时政策的反复加剧了市场不确定性,对于金价也有一定支撑。特朗普“逆全球化”关税政策主张也可能会一定程度上促进央行购金趋势。

  长期看,货币超发及财政赤字货币化背景下,美元信用体系受到挑战;加上全球地缘动荡频发推动资产储备多元化,黄金作为安全资产的需求持续提升。全球“去美元化”的趋势使得黄金有望成为新一轮定价锚,贵金属有望具备上行动能。央行购金趋势仍在持续,中国央行连续5个月增持黄金,3月末储备达7370万盎司,较2024年11月累计增持114万盎司,创2019年以来最快增速。后续可持续关注地缘政治形势、全球宏观经济走势及全球央行购金情况,当前金价处于历史高位时不建议追高,但若回调或可考虑逢低布局黄金基金ETF(518800)。

  地缘冲突背景下,自主可控领域投资价值凸显。半导体设备ETF(159516)自关税事件后上涨超8%。

  关税贸易战本质是中美大国对抗,利好国产替代的科技板块,半导体自主可控逻辑有望直接受益。后续特朗普政府对中国的科技制裁力度或持续加大,科技板块自主可控的重要性将进一步提升,国产替代逻辑存在持续催化,半导体产业链存在中长线的投资机会。

  基本面上,根据SIA的数据,2025年2月全球半导体销售额为549.2亿美元,连续16个月同比增长。其中中国半导体销售额为150.6亿美元,同比增长5.6%。存储方面,2月DRAM合约价与1月持平,NANDFlash合约价回升,3月DRAM现货价上涨。TrendForce预计今年二季度DRAM因下游客户库存去化顺利,合约价跌幅将收敛。NANDFlash因供应商减产奏效和买方回补库存,合约价将逐步回升

  资料来源:SIA,国信证券经济研究所整理

  目前用于光模块产品的光芯片大部分采用IDM的生产模式,美日供应商居多,大多在本土流片,新规有望加速国产光芯片厂商的认证导入及份额提升。此外,模拟芯片国产化率较低,且全球前两大模拟芯片企业均为美国厂商。我国模拟芯片企业近几年加大研发投入,且模拟芯片采用成熟制程,国内产能充足,具有国产替代的能力和空间。感兴趣的投资者可以紧密跟踪半导体设备ETF(159516)、集成电路ETF(159546)、科创芯片ETF国泰(589100)、芯片ETF(512760)等相关板块的表现。

  今日,港股科技ETF(513020)再度下跌3.50%,已接近4月7日,即关税动荡后首个交易日的平均价。近20日,港股科技累计跌幅达到18.39%。如果将情绪极致释放后,港股科技在4月9日创出的最低价(0.88元)作为支撑位,港股科技的下跌空间仅有12%左右。那么,港股科技到了抄底的时间点吗,如何看待港股科技未来的走势?

  基本面角度,关税壁垒的走向仍是最大的扰动因素之一,特朗普政府的反复也引发了全球行情的震荡摇摆。但是我们看到,情绪过后,市场逐渐走向对关税落地后经济走势的博弈。目前,对于美国向我国加征145%关税的影响,不同机构给出了相近的结论。中金公司认为,参照上一轮中美贸易摩擦,假设出口对价格的弹性在0.8-1。在55-60%的关税下,预计中国对美出口下降45-60%,拖累经济增速约1.5%;沿着这一逻辑,我们推断若实际落地关税更高,极端到切断了中美主要贸易,我国经济增速的变化可能接近2%。民生证券则认为,若特朗普再度向全球加征关税,影响我国“转出口”部分,则关税冲击强度扩大至2018年的4.5倍,中国总增加值增速或被拖累1.72%。若聚焦于港股本身的盈利,中金公司认为,在54%关税条件下,港股市场盈利增速,或从此前预期的4-5%下调至负数;若无政策对冲,追加的关税将使盈利增速下调10个百分点。若盈利下修,港股或仍有下跌空间。

  然而,对于关税落地与经济预期,仍存在两个重大变数。其一在于我国促内需的政策,能否对冲关税的影响。可以紧密关注本月底政治局会议的定调。其二在于关税政策的演变路径。民生证券提出了四条演变路径。1)特朗普再度对全球加税,影响中美间接出口,中美割裂进一步加剧。我国总增加值增速或被拖累1.72%,出口依赖强的纺服、电子、机械将进一步承压。2)我国主导新的贸易圈。若其他国家选择反制美国,则我国对这些国家的份额有望抬升,尤其包含欧洲、日韩与印度,中国总增加值增速或仅被拖累0.09%,中国外需不会受到美国关税的明显影响。3)美国主导了新的贸易圈,并以“对中国加关税”作为谈判条件,孤立我国。此时,大部分部门通过外需带来的增长都将转负,外贸以来行业进一步受损。4)进入制衡状态。欧洲、东南亚进入中美贸易圈的中间地带。中国总增加值增速或被拖累1.43%,与当下场景的影响类似。受出口国家结构的影响,纺服、机械、运输、化工等板块反而迎来利好。站在当下时间点,出于避险的考量,不建议投资者单边押注,而应积极做好分散化配置。

  资金面角度,港股资金流入的主力军为南下资金。虽然我们无法得知南下资金具体的结构,参考中金公司的判断,南向的持续流入可能来自个人与私募的活跃,以及公募与险资的持续配置。例如,港股类ETF的净流入快速抬升,背后很可能来自个人投资者;港股通部分中小市值标的异常波动,不排除有私募与游资的参与;险资仍在配置港股红利板块,公募则增配了港股科技。然而,个人、私募等包含较多的投机资金,受到市场走势的影响很大,对后市并没有坚固的支撑。中金公司测算,长期资金进入港股的剩余空间约在3000亿港币左右,而年初以来已流入的资金超过3700亿。因此,南下资金的势头很可能放缓。

  当然,欧美长线资金也有可能阶段性撤离港股市场,但是影响有限。海外资金今年以来虽有所回流,但规模明显小于去年“924”,且主要以被动和交易资金为主。

  从行业结构角度,港股科技与港股红利或比港股大盘更有优势。从科技角度上讲,科技叙事逻辑仍是目前的主线。无论贸易战如何推进,高新科技层面的自主可控仍是主要的发展目标。其次,港股科技主要涵盖互联网+芯片+新能源车+生物医药,相对更加受益于内需。根据2024年三季报数据,阿里巴巴的海外业务占营收的13.0%;腾讯9.8%,快手仅3.7%等,影响相对可控。当然,也需要谨慎对待小米、药明等海外占比较高的企业。而从红利角度上讲,港股国企避险属性更强,同样具有配置价值。

  综上所述,建议投资者持续关注关税进展与我国的政策表述,乐观对待科技、红利主线,可逢低布局港股科技ETF(513020)、港股国企ETF(159519)、红利港股ETF(159331)。

  风险提示:投资人应当充分了解基金定期定额投资和零存整取等储蓄方式的区别。定期定额投资是引导投资人进行长期投资、平均投资成本的一种简单易行的投资方式。但是定期定额投资并不能规避基金投资所固有的风险,不能保证投资人获得收益,也不是替代储蓄的等效理财方式。无论是股票ETF/LOF/分级基金,都是属于较高预期风险和预期收益的证券投资基金品种,其预期收益及预期风险水平高于混合型基金、债券型基金和货币市场基金。基金资产投资于科创板和创业板股票,会面临因投资标的、市场制度以及交易规则等差异带来的特有风险,提请投资者注意。板块/基金短期涨跌幅列示仅作为文章分析观点之辅助材料,仅供参考,不构成对基金业绩的保证。文中提及个股短期业绩仅供参考,不构成股票推荐,也不构成对基金业绩的预测和保证。以上观点仅供参考,不构成投资建议或承诺。如需购买相关基金产品,请您关注投资者适当性管理相关规定、提前做好风险测评,并根据您自身的风险承受能力购买与之相匹配的风险等级的基金产品。基金有风险,投资需谨。

  特约作者:国泰基金

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