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  日前,全国多地出现强风天气。大风来袭,屋顶的杂物、路旁的树木、没关好的门窗等都可能瞬间化身“空中利刃”。若因此被砸伤,财物被损坏,责任人能以“风太大不怪我”免责吗?

  案例一

  卫星锅坠落砸车天灾还是人祸

  2023年11月一天晚上,周先生下班回家,把车停放在小区楼下停车位上。第二天早上,周先生的车辆被坠落的卫星锅砸损。

  周先生认为,小区物业公司对放置在楼顶的卫星锅负有管理责任和义务。于是,将物业公司起诉至法院,要求赔偿车辆维修费用3060元。

  物业公司辩称,当日出现极端大风天气,物品坠落无法事先预料,属于不可抗力,不应当承担责任。其次,卫星锅放置在顶层楼顶,只有进入顶层业主家中通过阁楼才能到达,日常管理巡查无法进入,不是物业公司负责管理的公共区域,因此不负有管理责任。

  法院经审理后认为,建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施及其搁置物、悬挂物发生脱落、坠落造成他人损害,所有人、管理人或者使用人不能证明自己没有过错的,应当承担侵权责任。所有人、管理人或者使用人赔偿后,有其他责任人的,有权向其他责任人追偿。卫星锅放置在楼顶公共区域,物业公司进入楼顶的方式不能改变楼顶公共区域的性质,应对公共区域内的搁置物负有管理责任,对于所存在的安全隐患应尽到提示及巡查的义务。物业公司未尽到管理人义务,应当承担侵权责任。此外,现无证据证明当日的大风天气已达到认定为不可抗力的程度,且物业公司在得知将出现大风天气时更应该谨慎履行巡查义务,对于楼顶可能发生的安全隐患及时排查并处理,因此对物业公司主张大风属于不可抗力的抗辩不予采纳。

  最终,法院判决物业公司赔偿周先生车辆修理费3060元。该案判决已生效。

  【法官说法】

  当极端天气出现时,建筑物上搁置物或悬挂物坠落成为财产损失或人身伤亡后果严重的一项危险源。如建筑装饰层脱落、楼顶天台种植花草、堆放大量杂物、建筑外墙老化未能及时修复等等,对头顶上的安全造成直接威胁。

  民法典第九百四十二条规定,物业服务人应当妥善维修、养护、清洁、绿化和经营管理物业服务区域内的业主共有部分,采取合理措施保护业主的人身、财产安全。物业服务企业作为建筑物公共区域的管理人,有义务对建筑物进行定期维护和检查,特别是在极端天气来临之前,更需加强巡查,发现建筑物等设施存在松动脱落风险的,提前采取有效防范措施。发现业主在楼顶天台等公共区域私搭乱放的,及时联系业主清理,避免高空坠物风险。

  同时,“自然灾害”并不直接等同于“不可抗力”。大风暴雨等极端天气能否成为不可抗力免责事由,关键在于判断极端天气是否超出气象预警范围、行为人是否采取合理的避险措施等因素综合认定。若极端天气强度未超过气象预警范围、未超出正常预见范围,采取合理措施即可避免损失或防止损失扩大的,则不能以“天灾”为由免责。

  案例二

  风吹倒树砸坏邻居房我也得赔?

  一日晚上,刮起了大风。刘女士院子里的杨树被大风刮倒后,砸向了邻居王先生家的北墙。

  王先生称,刘女士家的杨树将自家的东墙、北墙及东檐角砸坏,导致房屋不同程度的损坏。于是起诉要求刘女士赔偿房屋修复损失3.5万元。

  刘女士辩称,杨树砸坏王先生的房屋是多种客观因素导致的。杨树早在王先生建造房屋前存在,王先生不考虑树木栽种对相邻围墙和地基的安全风险,仍紧邻杨树建房,应自担后果。而且,当天刮起大风,属于自然灾害。此外,王先生在房后排放生活用水,杨树被水浇透容易侧歪。因此,不同意赔偿,不应承担责任。

  法院经审理后认为,侵害物权,造成权利人损害的,权利人可以依法请求损害赔偿,也可以依法请求承担其他民事责任。本案中,王先生房屋北墙后的树为刘女士所有,树木歪倒造成王先生房屋受损,刘女士应承担赔偿责任。案发当日虽刮起大风,但已有气象预警提示,刘女士怠于采取措施防止树木倾倒,存在过错。关于刘女士陈述下水道流水冲刷导致树木倾倒的意见,下水道与树木相隔一段距离,难以证明两者存在因果关系,法院不予采信。

  最终,法院根据房屋受损的实际情况,判决刘女士给付王先生房屋损坏修复费用3500元。案件已生效。

  【法官说法】

  根据民法典第一千二百五十七条的规定,因林木折断、倾倒或者果实坠落等造成他人损害,林木的所有人或者管理人不能证明自己没有过错的,应当承担侵权责任。本案中,刘女士对树木疏于管理,未尽到及时的管护义务,也未在恶劣天气来临前对树木采取必要防护措施,导致树木在大风天气下倾倒,损坏了邻居的房屋,应当承担侵权责任。

  农村在房前屋后栽种树木的情况比较常见,栽种人对树木享有权利的同时也应承担管护的责任。树木生长遮挡邻居采光或靠近电线电路时,要及时修剪或移栽,保持安全距离;树木根系对邻居地基和围墙产生破坏时,需及时清除越界的根系;在大风暴雨等极端天气来临之前,要提前检查根系情况,发现松动立即加固,防止树木给邻居的人身和财产安全造成威胁。

  案例三

  大风夜外卖小哥被刮倒保险公司要买单

  小齐是某外卖平台众包骑手。每日开工前需在平台APP上花费3元购买一份众包骑手意外险。

  一天晚上11点左右,刮起了大风。小齐送餐时被大风刮来的大门砸晕。小齐面部遗留瘢痕,经鉴定构成十级伤残。

  小齐认为,自己投保了骑手意外险并缴纳保费,意外事故发生在保险期间,故诉至法院要求保险公司赔偿医疗费、鉴定费、伤残赔偿金等损失15万元。

  保险公司辩称,小齐提交的证据没有证明受伤的经过,不认可小齐受伤是意外事故。并且,根据和外卖平台签署的《保险业务合作协议》合同约定,即使小齐受伤为意外事故,且发生在保险期限内,保险赔付范围为医疗费和残疾伤残金,不包括其他费用,对小齐主张的数额也不认可。

  法院经审理后查明,投保人外卖平台以小齐为被保险人,与保险公司签订《保险业务合作协议》,为小齐投保了骑手保障组合产品。协议约定,保单起保时间为骑手第一次接单时间,终保时间为次日凌晨1点30分。同时,保险协议还约定,被保险人遭受意外事故伤残,保险人按伤残等级对应的给付比例进行赔偿,十级伤残等级对应比例为10%。赔付意外伤害身故或伤残费用的限额为60万元,意外医疗费用的限额为5万元。

  法院判决认为,外卖平台为保障骑手人身安全,与保险公司订立的保险合同合法有效。保险公司不认可小齐的损伤为意外伤害,但也未提供证据证实损伤为非承保事故造成、存在免责事由。案涉事故也发生在保险期间,因此,保险公司应当按照保单约定向小齐支付保险金。小齐主张按照一般人身损害赔偿计算残疾赔偿金及给付鉴定费的请求,不符合保险保单约定,不予支持。

  最终,法院判决保险公司向小齐给付残疾保险金6万元和医疗费用补偿保险金1217.67元,驳回了小齐其他诉讼请求。该案目前已生效。

  【法官说法】

  当前,外卖骑手已成为城市运转的“毛细血管”。在极端天气下,外卖骑手的职业风险与保障需不断加强。保险法等相关法律虽未明确规定意外伤害的定义,但根据行业惯例和合同文本,意外伤害通常是指外来的、突发的、非本意的、非疾病的使被保险人身体受到伤害的客观事件。

  本案中,小齐主张发生意外事故,提交的证据已达到高度盖然性的证明标准。保险公司未提供充分反证和免责事由,应当承担举证不能的不利后果。

  同时,外卖平台应积极承担起社会责任,加强对外卖骑手劳动权益的保障,加大人身安全保险事项。外卖骑手自身也应增强保险意识,在投保前充分了解不同保险的适用范围和保障内容,仔细阅读保险合同的免责条款,通过保险分摊风险,增强安全感。

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