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在美国股市估值连续数月放缓,且最近几周的关税不确定性加剧了这一趋势之后,微软(NASDAQ:MSFT)在当前水平已成为一个极具吸引力的长期投资机会。该公司以软件为中心且业务多元化的商业模式,也使其在与大型科技公司竞争中占据优势,因为它为微软提供了抵御即将到来的关税风险的渐进式韧性。

微软展现出的最引人注目的优势之一是其对硬件的极低依赖。鉴于互惠关税主要针对进口商品,微软以软件为中心的商业模式显著降低了由此带来的成本和需求影响。

具体而言,微软目前90%以上的收入来自其生产力和业务流程(“PBP”)以及智能云(“IC”)部门的软件和服务销售。与此同时,其Surface和Xbox游戏机销售带来的微薄硬件收入组合(最容易受到关税成本的影响)近年来一直在持续下滑。

在关税高企的环境下,这对微软来说是一个有利的销售组合。回想一下,迄今为止宣布的对华互惠关税已高达145%,而且形势仍在不断变化。这必然会挤压那些严重依赖全球供应链的公司的利润率——而微软的商业模式本身就受到保护,不会面临这种风险。

诚然,任何公司都无法完全免受关税政策大幅调整带来的不确定性的影响。关税不仅会提高商品成本,随之而来的消费支出紧缩也可能引发经济衰退风险,

具体而言,由于政府持续削减开支和关税不确定性,经济学家目前预测2025年美国GDP增长将放缓,并可能引发美国经济衰退。美国GDP平均增长率预估已从今年早些时候的同比增长2.2%降至目前的同比增长1.7%。这意味着未来增长曲线将大幅下降25%,凸显出企业盈利即将面临的逆风。尽管微软采用以软件为中心的商业模式,但其业务必然会间接受到关税驱动的周期性逆风的影响。

然而,与谷歌和Meta等服务导向的大型科技公司不同,微软在周期性低迷时期,凭借其面向消费者和企业终端市场的庞大任务关键型产品组合,脱颖而出。尽管拥有庞大的用户群,但得益于其提供关键解决方案所支撑的持续盈利能力提升,微软仍保持着强劲的两位数百分比增长。

该公司近期披露的Microsoft365消费者版和商业版产品均实现了超出预期的增长,充分证明了这一点。具体而言,Microsoft365商业云收入是第二季度PBP部门增长的核心驱动力。得益于E5和Copilot附加组件的强劲增长,该产品收入同比增长16%。该公司商业安装基数的盈利能力不断提升,其订阅收入同比增长16%,而同期客户数量同比增长7%,两者几乎相差一倍。这表明,企业终端市场对Copilot和E5等M365新产品带来的生产力提升的价值主张产生了共鸣。

预计随着优化措施的再次出现,这些强劲的盈利趋势将在即将到来的美国经济衰退之前持续下去。Shopify和Meta等科技公司已经体现了这一点,它们越来越多地宣称,通过采用人工智能工具取代人工劳动来降低利润率。尽管即将到来的关税可能会进一步削弱招聘市场,但微软通过增值附加组件对现有客户群进行强劲的盈利,或许可以抵消客户群增长放缓的影响。

与此同时,尽管产品组合向价格较低的基础版转变不利,但微软365消费者版在第二季度也实现了8%的同比增长,好于预期。这表明,微软云端生产力软件在消费终端市场的需求缺乏弹性,即使在消费者对低价产品的偏好下降的情况下,其对产品单位经济效益的影响也有限。这也强化了用户流失率有限的预期,尽管1月份Copilot订阅的价格上涨了30%(基础版价格保持不变,为每年100美元)。

除了Microsoft365之外,微软通过Azure不断增长的云市场份额也有望减轻其受即将到来的关税影响的影响。由于Azure拥有支持持续AI转型的全面技术栈,它已深深植根于企业工作流程。管理层在财报季财报更新中披露,对Azure计算能力的需求不断增长、MicrosoftFabric和PowerBI月活跃用户数不断增长,以及AzureAIFoundry运行时间不断加快,这些都充分证明了这一点。无论经济状况如何,企业都不太可能削减这些必需品的投入,尤其是在AI优先的时代,计算能力、数据以及应用程序开发和部署工具已成为不可或缺的一部分。这相应地为微软Azure的收入流带来了持久的需求,使其能够超越经济周期。

微软Azure收入(尤其是来自人工智能服务的收入)的预期韧性,也得到了今年晚些时候即将上线的增量计算能力的印证。回想一下,自人工智能风潮兴起以来,微软的计算需求一直超过供应。但过去几个季度,用于数据中心和服务器容量的持续高额资本支出预计将在2025财年下半年开始显现。这应该会在未来几个季度改善被压抑需求的货币化,而商业预订量增长的显著加速将为这一目标提供支持。

诚然,由于人们再次担心关税上调将重新引发通胀环境,消费者和企业终端市场的可自由支配支出都将出现下滑。然而,微软多元化的关键任务产品组合(这些产品对企业运营至关重要)预计将能够抵御新兴的增长风险。在关税变动的背景下,微软核心软件和云计算产品的韧性尤为重要,因为它有望在不确定的时期保持稳定。

即使面对更广泛的不确定性,微软产品组合的关键使命也使其拥有无与伦比的定价能力。投资于微软生态系统(无论是生产力软件套件还是Azure)的企业,不太可能因为迁移效率低下和随之而来的出口费用而倒闭。

这使得微软能够以涨价的形式将任何与关税相关的成本部分甚至全部转嫁给最终客户。尽管微软拥有庞大的用户群,并且多年来Microsoft365、Office和Azure产品的价格不时上涨,但其持续的两位数增长速度就充分证明了这种做法的有效性。

尽管科技同行可能由于对全球供应链的固有依赖以及随之而来的关税风险而难以保持利润率,但微软以软件为中心的商业模式和定价能力却构成了宝贵的优势。尽管过去一年人工智能投资持续加速,但微软仍预计其2025财年的营业利润率将略有增长,这进一步证实了这一点。该指引暗示了卓越的可扩展性,这将为关税间接导致的增长成本增加提供增量缓冲。

如上文所述,经济学家目前预计美国非关税壁垒(NTM)GDP增长预测将下降25%。我们已将此作为衡量关税对微软盈利潜在影响的指标。

我们的下行情景预测显示,微软2026财年的收入将同比增长10%,这比我们之前讨论的基准情景预测中14%的同比增长率大约低了25%。尽管市场不确定性持续存在,但我们预计微软的未来增长曲线不会出现如此持续的大幅下滑。然而,我们认为,保守的假设足以衡量最坏的情况。这将是确定微软真正成为具有吸引力的投资机会的价格的关键。预计基准收入的下调将使我们对微软五年复合年增长率的预测在下行情景下降至9%,而在基准情景下则为12%。

与此同时,在下行情景预测中,微软的利润率调整幅度不大,因为即将实施的关税不太可能显著扰乱其以软件为中心的商业模式的成本结构。微软产品的定价能力进一步证实了这一点,这将进一步帮助该公司保持利润率。

根据下行情景的基本预测,预计微软在每股380美元以下的任何价格水平都存在买入机会。

下行情景下的目标价是根据折现现金流法计算的。所考虑的现金流预测与上一节讨论的下行情景下的基本面预测相结合。

分析中采用了与微软风险状况和资本结构相符的9.5%加权平均资本成本(WACC)。WACC的计算结果与之前讨论的基准假设相比略有调整,以反映自那时以来更广泛的市场和宏观经济因素的变化(例如无风险利率、股权风险溢价)。

在确定微软的终值时,我们还对2020财年的EBITDA应用了3.5%的永续增长率。3.5%的永续增长率与微软核心运营区域的长期经济增长较高区间相符。我们认为,这一假设反映了微软可持续增长至永续期的速度,并以此速度在长期内达到稳定状态。

尽管微软并非完全不受即将到来的风险的影响,但在持续的关税不确定性中,微软的相对稳定性使其股票在应对更广泛的市场波动方面占据了独特的优势。除了以软件为中心的业务模式和富有韧性的关键任务产品组合外,微软管理层也在采取积极主动的措施,以降低公司面临的关税风险。

具体而言,管理层反复重申其承诺,将根据“短期和长期需求信号”积极调整资本支出规模和分配。尽管微软重申了其2025财年800亿美元的资本支出预期,但近期取消了部分数据中心租赁,这充分体现了这一点。此举表明,微软将比预期更早地从长期资产转向“与收入增长更相关的短期资产”。再加上未来几个季度云计算能力的逐步提升,这将支撑Azure的再次加速发展,我们相信微软的增长前景依然稳健,能够抵御迫在眉睫的不确定性。在大盘重创下行情之际,微软已展现出投资机会。

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