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  记者15日获悉,工业和信息化部组织制定的强制性国家标准《电动汽车用动力蓄电池安全要求》(GB38031—2025)(以下简称“新国标”)日前发布,将于2026年7月1日起开始实施。

  新国标修订(或新增)的重点包括三个项目:热扩散测试、底部撞击测试和快充循环后安全测试。

  “这三项标准针对的都是提升电池本征安全。”复合集流体厂商金美新材料董事长臧世伟对上海证券报记者表示,“去年5月的征求意见稿中就已要求热失控‘不起火、不爆炸’。征求意见稿发布后,来公司咨询复合集流体的电池企业开始增多。”

  从公开信息来看,提升电池本征安全的技术包括固态电池、复合集流体、硅基负极材料、更耐高温的隔膜等。业内人士认为,新国标为电池企业留下了一年多的技术升级时间,或为相关材料与技术的发展带来市场空间。

  新国标提升安全“硬底线”

  要求热扩散“不起火、不爆炸”

  新国标中包括7项单体测试,17项电池包或系统测试等内容。记者注意到,相比2020年版,新国标提高了技术要求,新增了电池底部撞击测试、快充循环后安全测试、热扩散测试等试验项目。

  具体来看,对热扩散测试的修订是最主要的修改点之一。据介绍,热扩散测试考查电池单体内短路导致热失控后的安全防护能力。新国标将热扩散测试技术要求从“着火、爆炸前5分钟提供热事件报警信号”,修改为“不起火、不爆炸(仍需报警),烟气不对乘员造成伤害”。

  此外,新国标还新增底部撞击测试,考查电池底部受到撞击后的防护能力,要求无泄漏、外壳破裂、起火或爆炸现象,且满足绝缘电阻要求。

  在快充方面,新增快充循环后安全测试,考查动力电池在长期快充循环后的安全性,300次快充循环后进行外部短路测试,要求不起火、不爆炸。

  值得关注的是,对于新申请型式批准的车型,该标准将于2026年7月1日实施,而对于已获得型式批准的车型,该标准将于2027年7月1日实施。这意味着已获批车型有1年过渡期,但需在2027年前完成改造或退出市场。

  业内专家认为,新国标通过严苛测试公开保障电池安全,能够缓解公众对新能源车自燃风险的担忧。对行业而言,新规可能增加中小企业的研发成本,短期内或引发行业洗牌,但长期来看,安全性能提升将降低保险、运维等隐性成本,为行业创造更大价值空间。

  新国标利好固态电池、复合集流体等

  电池本征安全技术

  臧世伟分析,无论是热扩散测试、底部撞击测试还是快充循环后安全测试,都是考验电池的本征安全。

  从公开资料来看,提升电池本征安全的主要技术包括固态电池、复合集流体、硅基负极、提升隔膜耐热性和抗穿刺能力等。

  五矿证券分析,固态电池是锂电池理论上高能量密度+高安全性能的最佳体系。液态锂电池体系向高能量密度迭代的热安全矛盾凸显,固态电池在本征安全性和锂金属负极兼容性上潜力大,是锂电池理论上高能量密度+高安全性能的最佳体系。固态电池初步具备产业化理论基础。

  复合集流体则为一种创新型电池材料。不同于传统纯铝箔或纯铜箔电池集流体,复合集流体在金属层中间加入一层高分子薄膜,材料结构犹如“三明治”。在电池发生内短路时,高分子薄膜和仅有1微米厚的金属层会在大电流下熔断,有效降低电池热失控风险。

  企业是否有底气应对新国标?

  高工锂电分析,全国汽车标准化技术委员会电动车辆分技术委员会在今年2月对36家主流整车及电池企业的调研显示,78%的受访企业表示已具备技术储备,能够做到单个电芯热失控后,不发生热扩散导致的整个电池系统的起火和爆炸。

  不过亦有专家指出,任何测试标准都有其边界条件。通过新国标的测试,并不意味着在所有实际复杂的工况下都绝对安全;反之,现实世界中因严重碰撞或其他极端情况导致起火的电池,也未必就是不符合标准的产品。

  高工锂电认为,应当构建一个多维度、系统性的综合策略,构筑动力电池安全屏障。

  在最基础的电芯层面,从材料本身入手,追求本征安全。在上升到系统(模组或PACK)层面,核心目标是构筑“防火墙”,即便单个电芯发生热失控,也要确保热量和危害不扩散至相邻电芯。此外,智能化的电池管理系统(BMS)扮演着“哨兵”角色。通过“端+云”结合的大数据算法,实现对电池状态的实时监控与早期预警。

  工业和信息化部数据显示,2024年中国锂电池总产量1170GWh,同比增长24%,行业总产值超过1.2万亿元。高工产研锂电研究所(GGII)统计,其中动力、储能、数码电池出货量分别约780GWh、335GWh、55GWh。

  业内预期,在新国标的引导下,万亿级锂电行业也将迎来一次安全性的跃升。

  作者:王玉晴李雁争

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