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  来源:文轩财经

  图片来源:TCL中环官网

  在内外困境的交错之下,硅片龙头企业TCL中环亏“麻”了。

  公告显示,2024年,TCL中环实现营收284.19亿元,同比减少51.95%;归属于上市公司股东的净利润为亏损98.18亿元,要知道,上年同期净利润为34.16亿元。

  而在此之前,TCL中环预计2024年归母净利亏损82亿元至89亿元,实际核算比预期还亏得多。

  01

  巨亏背后

  在光伏硅片行业,有两大巨头,隆基绿能与TCL中环,TCL中环目前的硅片市占率约为三成。

  在此市场背景之下,TCL中环为何会出现百亿亏损?

  数据显示,2019年至2023年的五年间,TCL中环营业收入从169亿元增长至591亿元,复合增速为37%;归母净利润从9亿元增长至34亿元,复合增速为39%。

  2019年至2023年,TCL中环的毛利率维持在20%左右。这五年间,该公司的硅片出货量大增,从30GW增长至114GW,复合增速为40%。

  面对当前业绩状况,TCL中环董事长李东生称:“受行业周期下行影响,公司自身经营战略偏差、业务结构存在短板以及一些经营决策失误,导致经营业绩恶化。”

  TCL中环称,2024年业绩巨亏近百亿元,主要受三大因素影响。

  其一,受行业影响,产业链价格逐步降至现金成本以下。大环境变化对TCL整体影响巨大,尤其是成本和行业的不确定性。

  具体数据看,以TCL中环主营的硅片业务(占比约60%)表现为例,2024年,硅片产品的毛利率为负20.53%,较2023年22%的毛利率,大幅下跌超四成(同比减少42.32%)。

  其二,公司新能源电池组件业务板块产品转型慢于市场需求,产销结构与规模不达预期,在行业周期底部进一步拖累经营业绩。

  其三,子公司Maxeon对业绩的负向影响较大。“欧美市场价格持续下行、Maxeon经营模式及供应链布局转型调整慢于预期,以及组件业务进入美国市场被退回等影响,导致报告期内Maxeon业绩大幅下跌。”

  李东生在开头致辞信中所述的“公司自身经营战略偏差以及一些经营决策失误”包括了2024年上半年,公司以高开工策略参与市场竞争,导致库存积累,这也给公司经营带来减值压力。

  2024年末,该公司存货63.24亿元,占总资产的比例为5.04%,较2024年初的6.53%下降1.49%。

  在中国有色金属工业协会硅业分会看来,近期硅片环节价格的下行主要变化不在于供给端,而在需求端。“下游终端组件需求快速回落,导致电池排产下降,对硅片需求大幅减弱。”自然产品库存高企。

  02

  前路堪忧

  文轩财经查阅数据发现,TCL中环近三期年报,扣非归母净利润同比变动分别为66.97%,-60.28%,-523.35%,在销售费用大增51.88%的情况下,依然持续下降,不见起色。

  尤其是在2024年出现利润的极速下跌。

  同时,投资活动产生的现金流量净额为-47.83亿元,上年同期为 -15.29亿元,流出规模扩大,所以整体面临的困局短时间很难突破。

  TCL中环称,面对公司目前“困局”,“2025年一季度,公司已实现经营业绩环比改善,有信心在2025年度实现经营业绩改善。”

  整体看,TCL中环之所以遭遇当前的处境,更多是来自行业和国际环境的变化。

  首先看行业,从2024年下半年开始,不少行业TOP级企业已经“主动”减产,以此应对市场目前存在的“内卷”问题。

  来自需求端的减弱,产能过剩是当前光伏硅片行业的现状。

  而另一因素就是,国际环境的变化,尤其又以美国“疯疯癫癫”的关税政策。

  不久前,美国商务部对东南亚四国光伏产品使出史上最严关税制裁,柬埔寨综合税率高达3521%,越南、泰国、马来西亚分别面临813.92%、375.19%、34.4%的税率。

  这一“任性”裁决直接影响东南亚作为中国光伏对美出口的“跳板”通道,要知道,2024年,美国77%的组件进口来自上述四国,总额达129亿美元。

  关税影响下,光伏产品显然短期内很难再大规模出口到美国,路被堵了。

  这对中国光伏企业来说,打击是沉重的。TCL中环就是受害者。

  TCL中环投资布局中东及控股Maxeon以开拓美国市场,并称“光伏行业在地化制造是实现公司新能源光伏材料全球领先战略的必然选择”。

  据TCL中环2024年报披露信息,报告期内,公司已与沙特阿拉伯公共投资基金(PIF)全资子公司RELC、VisionIndustries达成合作,共同建立目前海外最大规模的晶体晶片工厂,加快推进公司全球本土化战略进程。

  另外,2024年,公司通过一揽子交易重组Maxeon,积极推动其资本架构、业务和运营情况改善,Maxeon逐步剥离美国以外的市场和制造业务,专注美国市场。

  2024年7月,TCL中环宣布与沙特阿拉伯公共投资基金(PIF)全资子公司RELC、VisionIndustries设立合资公司,共同在沙特阿拉伯建设年产20GW 光伏硅片工厂,总投资约20.8亿美元,该公司预计在2025年一、二季度有开工的计划。

  此外,曾提出“不出海就出局”的公司董事长李东生在2024年报致辞信的末尾提出:“公司坚定推动全球化战略,正在调整全球产业布局,积极推动海外供应链建设,强化核心能力应对挑战。”

  他认为,“全球化发展是中国制造战略发展方向。”

  TCL中环在2024年报“未来发展展望”章节中预警,Maxeon输美光伏组件被海关退回事件对其业务、供应链及财务稳健带来重大影响,公司经营上短期内面临较大压力,需要花一定时间重新构建输美供应链,其未来战略和经营目标的实现存在不确定性。

  谈及全球化业务,TCL中环认为,光伏制造本土化与贸易逆全球化趋势背景下,光伏行业在地化制造是实现公司新能源光伏材料全球领先战略的必然选择。

  关税所带来的“短期疼痛”在所难免。走出去,全球化依然是光伏企业开拓市场的必经之路。

  显而易见的是,TCL中环出海计划,“尚未成功,仍须持续努力。”

  |观察员加西亚   审校张素芬

  |声明:本文仅为提供一般性信息之目的,不应用于替代专业研究者提供的咨询建议。

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