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日赚1.5亿的宁德时代,加速“跑马圈地”。

作者|刘亮

编辑|趣解商业汽车组

“我们不是在和同行竞争,而是在与时间赛跑。”这是宁德时代创始人、董事长曾毓群在2025年博鳌论坛上讲的一句话,也完全符合宁德时代(300750.SZ)的现状。

4月10日,香港联交所披露大厅的电子屏上,宁德时代的名字伴随着“通过上市聆讯”的提示闪烁;这距离3月26日中国证监会出具备案通知书仅仅过去了25天,宁德时代的二次IPO也在进行“与时间赛跑”的急速冲刺。

赴港上市可以加速宁德时代拓展国际市场,而在国内市场,“宁王”也在同步加速布局换电业务。01.加码换电赛道

换电还是充电?这是电车圈的“莎士比亚式”问题。

一提到换电,很多人第一个会想到蔚来。而最近流传的“宁德时代收购蔚来能源股权”的消息,让宁德时代这个“换电背后真正的大佬”备受关注。

其实早在3月份,蔚来就与宁德时代在福建宁德签署战略合作协议,共同打造全球规模最大、技术最领先的乘用车换电服务网络。根据协议,双方将进行资本合作,宁德时代正在推进对蔚来能源不超过25亿元人民币的战略投资,进一步巩固双方战略合作伙伴关系。

之后,有消息称“宁德时代正与蔚来汽车进行谈判,拟收购蔚来旗下充换电业务蔚来能源的控股权”;对此,宁德时代回应称“目前没有更多公开信息”。此后还有车主向蔚来汽车创始人、董事长李斌求证“换电站真卖了吗”,对此,李斌在蔚来车主群中回应称:“不信谣不传谣”,但未作进一步解释。

对于蔚来来说,换电业务正逐渐变成一个“负担”,重资产、高成本运营已经导致蔚来累计亏损超千亿元,而且换电带来的车型底盘结构的改变也一定程度上阻碍了蔚来布局混动车型来争抢更大的市场。

不过对于宁德时代来说,换电业务虽充满挑战,却是一块美味的“蜜糖”。

宁德时代于2021年成立全资子公司时代电服,主攻换电业务;近年来,其密集推出“巧克力换电”方案并布局建设换电站。2025年,宁德时代的建站目标是1000座,将覆盖30座以上城市,当前第一季度已经覆盖了12座城市。

今年一季度以来,宁德时代换电业务布局似乎加快了步伐。近期与蔚来战略合作外,还与中国石化集团签署合作框架协议,2025年将共同建设不少于500座换电站,长期目标扩展至10000座,共同推动换电标准化建设。

宁德时代虽是全球动力电池龙头,但当前传统电池制造业务已面临增长瓶颈。之所以发力布局换电,因为从商业价值来看,换电是宁德时代用来增加“话语权”的一个手段。就像是苹果的lightning、特斯拉的单踏板,宁德时代也想要通过制定换电电池的规格来“重塑话语权”。

但想要做这个规则制定者,并不容易。

其一,标准难定。电池技术还在快速发展,现在的换电站统一了电池标准,以后汽车电池升级迭代了,换电站也要跟着迭代。

第二,从消费者角度来看,充电仍是大势所趋。根据新能源汽车技术院统计的数据,截至2025年2月,全国公共充电桩保有量达383.2万台,而换电站保有量仅有4596座;两者之间巨大的差距,所以消费者从便捷性上考虑一定是充电更方便。而且消费者也会担心换来的电池是否是优质的电池,以及在买卖二手车的时候电池归属权的问题等等,都是消费者对换电的顾虑。

而如果以统一标准、争夺话语权为最终目的,再回头看假设宁德时代收购蔚来换电业务这件事情,到底是否划算?

首先从现用标准的统一来看,蔚来是打算将萤火虫后续的新车型适时导入宁德时代巧克力换电标准和网络,但现阶段蔚来还是有一套自己的标准;而从财务影响来看,目前宁德时代和蔚来的换电站是自负盈亏、互通网络,如果宁德时代要收购蔚来换电业务,就要承担其换电业务带来的亏损。

从蔚来2024年年报数据来看,充换电设备的价值有77亿元;哪怕不算人力、运维等费用,只按照其5-8年的折旧年限来看,每年就要有9.5-15亿元的折旧费用。虽然这对于有近千亿元经营性现金流的“宁王”来说不算什么,但也会进一步增加宁德时代的盈利压力。02.“宁王”的压力

2024年,宁德时代的出货量仍是全行业第一。据韩国电池和能源研究公司SNEResearch发布的2024年全球储能市场、动力电池出货量数据,宁德时代以41%的市占率再创历史新高,稳居榜首。

但在这样的情况下,宁德时代却罕见地出现了“增利不增收”的情况。2024年,宁德时代实现营收3620亿元,同比下滑了9.7%;其中,动力电池和储能电池两大业务支柱营收分别同比下滑了11.29%和4.36%。

上升的出货量,并没有抵消下滑的出货价格。2024年电池级碳酸锂价格从年初的10万元/吨降至年末7-8万元/吨,跌幅超22%,原材料价格的下降直接导致动力电池价格也得跟着下降。

作为行业巨头,宁德时代似乎也没有反周期的超能力,这是为什么?

从行业属性来看,电池行业不属于一个技术壁垒非常高的赛道;不像是芯片行业,一步领先就步步超前。

电池的迭代主要靠两件事:材料和结构。然而电池材料的创新和研发是一个试错过程漫长、成本高的事情;所以宁德时代在内的电池厂商更多还是从电池结构来创新,但这种创新很难短期内实现难以被追赶的突破性创新,比如宁德时代从CTP1.0到CTP3.0,电池能量密度年平均CAGR提升也仅在5%左右。

而作为产业链中游,电池行业也要被上游原材料的价格以及下游需求的变化所牵制。

宁德时代在三元锂电池中一直以70%左右的市占率稳坐第一,但是现在电车价格战打得起劲,磷酸铁锂电池由于成本更低受到了中低端车型的青睐,在这方面比亚迪自研的磷酸铁锂刀片电池市占率就一度反超了宁德时代。

除了比亚迪,多家车企也开始自研电池,广汽埃安、极氪、蔚来等均有在未来几年量产自研电池的打算,这就会进一步分化电池需求和稀释宁德时代的市占率。

而作为作为宁德时代的第二增长曲线,储能电池业务这个和政策强相关的赛道也受到了政策变化的牵制——国内取消了强制配储政策,短期内会对储能需求有所影响,而出口业务的退税政策在去年四季度也从13个点下调到了9个点。这就导致宁德时代2024年最后一个季度储能业务的出货量有明显的下滑,据海豚投研数据,四季度储能出货量本季度16Gwh左右,环比上季度的31Gwh下滑了近50%。

除此之外,原材料价格下降虽然让宁德时代成本下滑,使其2024年毛利率达到了24.4%的水平,不过也让其承担了资产的减值损失。从2024年年报来看,宁德时代为矿产资产、存货等资产计提的资产减值有84亿元,这也侧面预示着原材料价格可能持续下跌。

总体来看,宁德时代是毫无争议的行业第一,然而要坐稳这个第一,还要承担着来自政策、市场上下游等方面的多重压力。03.加速“走出去”

重重压力之中,还有来自关税的压力。

新关税实施后,中国电池及储能产品对美综合关税将叠加至近50%(2025年)并在2026年攀升至约82.4%。这意味着每出口1GWh的储能系统,中企需额外承担约2.5亿元人民币税费,直接导致了利润率的暴跌。相比之下美国本土电池制造企业不仅免收高额关税,还能享受10%的制造补贴,并且终端汽车每辆可获7500美金补贴,这就让国内厂家在价格和盈利都没有空间。

但对宁德时代这个海外营收占总营收三分之一的企业来说,“关税战”却不完全是一个打击,甚至还可以说是一个机会,因为宁德时代已经在出海这条路上撕开了一道口子。

多年前,宁德时代就明确表示要不断推进全球化体系建设,包括海外产能建设运营、海外供应链布局、海外资源及回收布局等。

早在2019年宁德时代就开工建设德国工厂,工厂计划总投资18亿欧元,规划产能14GWh,满产后年产量将达到约3000万枚电池电芯;此外,宁德时代还在2022年8月宣布在匈牙利建设第二座欧洲工厂,规划产能100GWh,投资金额不超过73.4亿欧元。

去年,宁德时代在与印尼IBC财团合作,双方承诺投资11.8亿美元建设一座年产能15GWh的电池电芯厂,预计2027年投入运营;这笔交易是宁德时代和IBC投资60亿美元承诺在印尼开发一个涵盖上下游业务的新能源汽车电池项目的一部分。12月,宁德时代宣布与Stellantis拟共同在西班牙建设合资工厂,总投资高达40.38亿欧元;该工厂总建设期预计四年,动力电池年产可达50GWh......

同时,宁德时代在海外市场的收入也持续增长。据统计,2022年,宁德时代海外销售收入占比为23.4%,去年则升至30.48%。

在赴港上市的招股书中,宁德时代也把海外建厂放在了募资用途的“C位”。招股书中表示,截至2024年底公司已经为匈牙利建厂项目投入了7亿欧元,项目总投资大概在49亿欧元。

深度科技研究院院长张孝荣就表示:宁德时代港股上市的决策不仅能够为公司长期的国际化战略提供资金支持,还能通过国家化资本平台增强跨境资源整合的能力。

本土化的建厂、扩产不仅可以规避关税政策不稳定带来的风险,还可以进一步扩大海外市场,海外建厂本身就是现金流和效率的比拼,已经抢占先发地位的宁德时代完全可以借此机会进一步扩大优势。

不过,扩张也伴随着现金流的流出。从过去几年宁德时代现金流情况来看,几乎都处于扩张状态,也就是经营性现金流、募资现金流流入以及投资性现金流出。不过到2024年,宁德时代出现了募资和投资现金流均流出的情况,可能说明宁德时代存在一些短期账款到期的情况,这也给其现金流增加了不少压力。

更不能忽视的是,扩张和扩产之后伴随的产能是否过剩的问题。

在2021年年底,宁德时代的产能利用率上升至最高点95%,之后持续回落,到2024年上半年宁王的产能利用率已经仅有65%。当前国内汽车动力电池市场已经出现产能过剩的趋势。

4月14日,宁德时代盘后披露2025年一季报;财报显示,经历了连续五个季度的营收同比下滑之后,今年一季度公司营收终于同比重回同比正增长。

宁德时代在业绩说明会上表示,中东和澳洲等新兴地区储能市场快速发展,公司在中东、澳洲等市场接连拿到了大的储能项目;整体而言,中国及海外市场需求旺盛,目前公司产能利用率比较饱和。

宁德时代在海外的增长,更加坚定了出海战略的落实。“谁到海外,谁就是公司的英雄,走出去,到海外去。”曾毓群曾在内部文件中表示坚定出海之路。

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