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  来源:紫金天风期货研究所

  【20250418】【铝专题】铝的预期与兑现(3-4月)

  小结

预期方面,我们预计当前铝成本端随着氧化铝价格的逐步筑底,其成本的下行空间较小,电解铝的平均成本将在16000-17000元/吨的区间内震荡。利润方面,由于当前关税的冲击,我们下调了全球范围内的铝消费预期,我们预计铝过剩量将由之前预计的13万吨扩大至62万吨,2025年铝的利润中枢或将进一步下移。

短期内的兑现方面,当前铝成本的下移已然初步兑现,氧化铝当前虽然仍处于过剩的态势,但我们认为其下行空间较为有限,铝成本进一步下行的可能性较低;利润层面,当前电解铝利润扔处于较高的位置,但边际的供应利润(进口、废铝)已然开始逐步走弱。

展望未来,我们预计未来铝的交易将会逐步集中在利润端的变化,同时随着关税冲击的逐步发酵,我们预计铝价将会进一步的承压。

  成本:下行空间较小

  电解铝其余成本(动力煤、预焙阳极)在2024年整体保持稳定运行,进入由于其过剩的情形,2025年我们预计这两板块的成本仍将保持稳定运行。

  因此我们认为,随着氧化铝的价格逐步回落至3000元/吨以下,我们预计2025年的电解铝成本运行中枢将逐步回落至16000-17000元/吨之间。

数据来源:爱泽咨询、SMM、紫金天风期货风云

  利润:焦灼

  铝元素供应的构成

  其一,与铜不太相似的是,铝在实际终端应用的层面多以合金的形式存在,在估算实际需求的时候,我们均以铝合金的需求作为推测的目标;

  其二,由于铝元素加工环节的产能处于极为过剩的情形,因此不是供应环节的关键因素,因此我们对于铝供应的分析将集中在铝元素的供应环节,即原铝+废铝的总供应量。

  因此,我们认为,当前沪铝价格所表达的并非铝锭而是全口径铝元素供给的价格。

数据来源:紫金天风期货研究所

  铝利润的定义

  随着供给侧改革的深入以及铝消费需求的扩张,从元素平衡的角度来看,我们发现当前国内的电解铝产能基本无法满足国内铝材以及铝元素的消耗,全市场元素的平衡仍需要进口铝锭以及废铝的供应补充。

  同时,这样的市场供需结构带来了铝利润运行的两个十分重要的特征:

  1.除极个别供应扰动时期,国内铝厂处于全体盈利的态势(现金利润);

  2.铝利润边际变化的锚由电解铝厂转向进口铝锭以及废铝的供应。

数据来源:SMM、紫金天风期货研究所

  宏观视角的预期

  从宏观经济增长的角度来看我们认为铝消费将呈现出以下特征:

  居民消费相关的铝消费会较2024年增速有所扩大;

  建筑板块的跌幅会有所收敛;

  与铝需求强相关的制造业投资与出口需求增速会有所放缓;

  整体铝消费增速会有所放缓。

  需求:增张预计进一步回落

  结合宏观与基本面分析,相比于2025年二季报的需求模型,我们对于当前的需求做出以下调整:

  1、我们整体下调了与出口强相关的铝需求板块的增长预期,如我们将包装、耐用品板块等板块的需求增长预期由6%下调至4%;2、同时鉴于与海外制造业投资收到政治不确定性的放缓,我们将铝材出口的出口增速由0%下调至-5%;3、同时我们依旧维持了对于新能源板块的需求增量预期;4、鉴于目前房地产板块经济的筑底以及基建板块的启动我们维持着房地产板块跌幅收敛的预期。

  总体而言,相比于二季报中的需求,我们将国内总体需求预期下调至0.87%。

数据来源:紫金天风期货研究所

  全球平衡:收敛

  海外方面,相比于二季报,我们下调了对于海外需求增长的预期,我们东南亚的需求增速下调至0%,将印度的需求增速由10%下调至8%,将日韩的需求增速下调至-1%,总体而言,我们预计2025年全年的需求增速约为1.86%,依旧处于疫情以后偏高的水平,若后续出现其他宏观方面的扰动,我们或将进一步下调海外的需求预期;

  平衡方面,从全球平衡的角度来看,我们预计2025年铝全球过剩量或将较2024年增加25万吨至62万吨,我们预计2025年电解铝利润的重心或将较2024年有所下浮。

数据来源:CRU、紫金天风期货研究所

  短期的情况

  供给

  云南电解铝春季将不会减产

  目前云南地区逐步进入旱季,金沙江、澜沧江流域降水逐步开始减少,但受益于前期丰沛的降水,当地储水较为充足;

  减产方面,南方电网称云南地区电力储备充足,可保证旱季云南电解铝厂生产。

数据来源:紫金天风期货风云

  电解铝产量处于高位 废铝边际供应弹性仍存

  电解铝产量方面,上周电解铝产量为83.8万吨/周,较上周增加0.3万吨;

  废铝方面,当前废铝边际供应同比变化仍然与精废价差边际变化相符,并未出现明显的边际供应弹性僵化的问题。

数据来源:SMM、紫金天风期货风云

  海外:需求走弱

  海外

数据来源:紫金天风期货风云

  短期需求变化:下游&库存

  铝下游开工回缩

  下游开工方面,除去由于其自身特性出现了季节性的回升,其余板块的开工率均出现了较为明显的下滑;

  分版块来看,各板块中与出口相关性最强的铝箔、铝板带板块的开工率下行最为明显。

数据来源:SMM、紫金天风期货风云

  库存:反向替代主导下的去库

  绝对库存位置方面,由于铝产业链就地转化率的提升,当前的库存处于偏低的位置,并不能将偏低的库存直接理解为需求很好;

  库存的边际变化方面,节后的出库增加更多的与精废价差大幅回落后电解铝对于废铝的反向替代有关。

  利润:较为畸形

  利润:畸形

  铝元素各类供应利润整体仍存在着横向的分配不均的情况,其中原铝的供应利润整体较其他的板块的更为坚挺,收到氧化铝价格下跌至2800-2900元/吨以及动力煤价格等成本端价格下跌的影响,当前铝的利润在价格下跌后仍维持在高位,进口利润方面,由于海外的恐慌性下跌铝锭进口利润有所修复,但当前依旧重新进入下行通道,精废价差在节后依旧进入明显的下行空间。

  下游利润方面,当前铝材出口利润、ADC12合金的供应利润已经进入下行通道,我们认为当前关税冲击对于铝产业链的冲击已然在下游兑现,但影响至电解铝价格方面仍需要一定的时间。

数据来源:SMM、紫金天风期货风云

  未来的展望

  展望

  从未来的各项指标展望来看,需求端我们预计当前总体上的需求将会逐步走弱;

  从出口层面来看,随着关税冲击对于出口的影响开始逐步发酵,我们预计未来一段时间内出口对于有色金属需求的压制将开始逐步的兑现;

  从内需层面来看,当前3月社会融资数据显示当前来自企业已经居民部门端的融资额度较弱,后续内需的内生动力不足,同时随着市场走出旺季,我们预计若无较强的刺激政策,短期内的铝需求将会逐步走弱。

  展望(汽车)

数据来源:紫金天风期货风云

  展望(国内工业生产)

数据来源:紫金天风期货风云

  前瞻性指标:弱化

数据来源:紫金天风期货风云

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