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笙歌挽寒秋:深入分析生理机制与情感因素的复杂交织
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每经记者张文瑜    西安    每经编辑贺娟娟

在制造业转型升级的浪潮下,一批曾经辉煌的老牌制造企业正面临“中年危机”。

日前,两家陕西上市公司——标准股份(600302.SH)与达刚控股(300103.SZ)披露了2024年年报。

前者归母净利润连续4年亏损,扣非净利润连续13年为负;后者归母净利润连亏五年,尽管曾试图切入环保赛道寻求突破,业绩反倒被拖累。两家企业均深陷主营业务萎缩、转型艰难的泥潭。

事实上,标准股份与达刚控股并非个例,亦折射出传统制造业在主营业务萎缩与转型发展之间艰难求索的普遍困境。

如何破局重生,已然成为一道亟待解答的命题。

2024年,老牌陕股标准股份的日子依然不好过。

根据年报,2024年实现营业收入4.46亿元,同比减少11.95%;归属于上市公司股东的净亏损1.53亿元。稍好一点的消息是,较去年同期的-1.96亿元同比减亏4690.45万元。

对于亏损原因,标准股份给出的理由是:营业收入方面主要因缝制设备行业市场竞争激烈,公司缝制设备销售收入下降;净利润方面主要因2024年度计提信用减值准备和资产减值准备1.07亿元。

分产品来看,标准股份的主营业务分为工业缝纫机和零件制造两大板块。包括缝制机械制造、金属表面处理及热处理加工、金属切削加工服务、物料搬运装备制造、机械零件、零部件加工等。

2024年,工业缝纫机业务实现营业收入3.45亿元,同比下滑14.97%,产品毛利率较去年减少5.06个百分点;零件制造业务虽未出现大幅滑坡,但营业收入9050万元,较去年同期亦有微降。

标准股份前身是创立于1946年的上海惠工缝纫机厂,1968年全迁陕西后更名为陕西缝纫机厂,1999年组建西安标准工业股份有限公司,2000年在上交所挂牌。其拥有超过七十年历史,也是缝制设备行业内唯一一家国资控股上市公司。

拉长时间线来看,在2007年达到营业收入12.46亿元、净利润1.31亿元的高点后,其业绩便开始一路下探。截至目前,标准股份已连续4年归母净利润亏损,扣非净利润更是连续13年为负。

这意味着,标准股份主业盈利能力较为薄弱,且业务抗风险能力不足。

值得注意的是,2020年标准股份曾试图通过布局供应链业务实现突围。当年,该业务实现营业收入5.58亿元,占公司年度营业收入的44.45%,助力公司营业收入同比增长131.84%,净利润也成功扭亏为盈。

但好景不长,2022年下半年起,公司对供应链业务采取审慎态度,业务规模急剧收缩,此后两年该业务以梳理和防范风险为主,再未产生收入。

达刚控股是国内较早独立研制智能环保型筑养路施工及养护类产品的高新技术企业,在工程机械行业,尤其是筑养路机械领域具有一定的市场影响力。

近年来,国内交通基础设施投资规模有下滑态势,其产品在行业竞争力不算明显,导致主营业务不振。

2019年1月,达刚控股高增值率作价5.8亿元收购众德环保,切入彼时还算火热的环保赛道。但自收购以来,众德环保除首年完成业绩承诺外,其余两年众德环保连承诺业绩的一半都不到,且在承诺期结束之后业绩“变脸”,转为亏损。

2022年12月,达刚控股决定剥离危废固废综合回收利用业务,向公司关联方出售众德环保52%股权,同时转向拓展乡村振兴业务。此后,达刚控股的业务聚焦在公路建设与养护、公共设施管理及乡村振兴领域。

据其年报显示,2024年公司实现营业总收入1.55亿元,同比下降39%;归属净利润为-1.15亿元,较2023年的-1.09亿元进一步扩大亏损。扣非净利润为-1.19亿元,尽管同比有所改善,但仍处于亏损状态。

与此同时,达刚控股的两大主营板块高端路面装备研制业务、城市道路智慧运维业务的营业收入分别较上年同期减少18.46%、-45.11%。

每经记者注意到,公司2020年至2024年扣非净利润分别为-6030.14万元、-1.04亿元、-3.35亿元、-1.45亿元、-1.19亿元,已连亏5年。其归母净利润亦从2022年开始亏损,三年累计亏损超过5亿元。

不过,达刚控股也并未选择“躺平”。

2024年8月,达刚控股收购新能源企业浙江恩科星电气有限公司,再度“跨界”新能源赛道,该业务在2024年实现营业收入3160万元,占公司总营业收入的20.37%。

标准股份和达刚控股的困境,折射出老牌制造企业在行业周期下的不同表现。

当下,纺织行业面临东南亚低成本竞争与国内需求饱和的双重压力,交通基础设施投资规模也呈现下滑趋势,这使得标准股份和达刚控股的主营业务纷纷遭遇增长瓶颈,市场份额不断被挤压,营收增长陷入停滞,曾经的行业优势逐渐消失,企业发展颇为艰难。

标准股份主业升级迟缓,关键症结之一在于技术护城河的缺失。

早年标准股份曾凭借技术优势,成为国内综合实力最强的缝纫机生产基地,业绩表现十分亮眼。然而,随着市场环境变化,虽尝试向汽车内饰、家居等厚料市场拓展,但增量有限,其研发投入占比也仅有5.09%。

最新披露的年报中,标准股份提出将进行两个转变,其一为发展思路的转变,却未作具体阐述;其二是从单一缝制设备供应商向环境与服饰领域系统解决方案商和服务商转变,但目前该转型尚无实质性进展。

每经记者注意到,标准股份设定了2025年实现营业收入5.8亿元、净利润71万元的经营目标,短期内致力于扭亏为盈,但长期来看,困守萎缩的主业,且未布局新的增长曲线与核心技术,未来发展充满不确定性。

来源:标准股份年报

达刚控股则陷入了另一种困境。

频繁转型本是企业寻求突破的尝试,然而在缺乏充分整合能力与战略协同的情况下,盲目“跨界”环保不仅未能打开业务新局面,反而造成资源分散,进一步加剧了经营风险。

面对主营业务不振的局面,达刚控股选择“跨界”新能源板块,将其作为后续重点发力方向。2024年10月底,公司公告实际控制人拟变更为来自新能源领域的陈可,这一变动也透露出企业向新能源转型的决心。

其此前发布的2024—2026年发展战略规划中,明确提出将在高端装备充电、换电,电桩、电场运维等领域,通过股权合作、业务拓展、战略联盟、资源共享等多种方式寻找第二增长曲线。

此外,达刚控股也在年报中表示,公司将积极拓展充电桩的业务模式,通过参与运营企业的联合运营,开发光储一体化产品,微电网产品等寻求新的盈利模式;同时,积极拓展海外,特别是东南亚市场,满足更加广阔的市场需求。

来源:达刚控股年报

虽然转型积极,但“跨界”背后的战略连贯性与资源适配性,仍有待市场检验。

两家企业发展路径虽不同,却共同暴露出主业技术积累薄弱,战略定力不足的深层问题。

这也引发更深层次的思考:当传统行业利润空间不断压缩,企业如何穿越周期?

装备制造作为陕西支柱产业之一,向行业产业上游转型,聚焦更高价值、更具技术含量的领域,或许是破局关键,上游领域不仅利润空间更大,还能凭借技术壁垒形成竞争优势,为企业发展提供持续动力。

但于企业而言,则要在技术研发、人才储备、战略规划等方面持续发力。

对于上述情况,记者亦分别向标准股份、达刚控股发去采访提纲,截至发稿,尚未收到回复。

(本文不构成任何投资建议,信息披露内容以公司公告为准。投资者据此操作,风险自担。)

封面图片来源:VCG41184881154

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