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  来源:柒财经

  随着各大上市银行相继披露2024年财报,作为消费金融主力的信用卡业绩也被高度关注。

  从整体上看,去年,商业银行信用卡业务普遍收缩,发卡量、交易额显著下降,不良贷款率同步攀升,资产质量风险加剧。

  上市股份行中,中信银行一直以信用卡发卡量第一傲视群雄,但也没逃过规模持续收缩的命运,其信用卡业务收入已经连续两年下滑,贷款余额也跌破5000亿元。这也让其喊出的“零售第一”不断失色。

  01

  营收增速由负转正,交出双增答卷

  2024年,中信银行交出了一份稳健的业绩答卷。

  财报显示,去年,该行实现营收2136.46亿元,比上年增长3.76%;实现归属于股东的净利润685.76亿元,比上年增长2.33%。

  虽然增幅看上去不大,但和A股其他8家上市股份行相比,这样的增长已实属不易。柒财经对比看到,9家银行中,除了中信银行,实现双增长的还有华夏银行、兴业银行、浙商银行和浦发银行。

  但这几家银行中,营收增幅超过中信银行的仅有浙商银行,净利润增幅超过中信银行的则仅有浦发银行。

  纵向对比,2023年,中信银行实现营收2058.96亿元,同比下降2.6%,是近年来首次出现负增长,2024年在多重压力下由正转负,亦实属难得。

  这其中,对公业务起到了稳定军心的作用。该行对公业务去年贡献了952亿元的营收,同比增长5.03%,占总营收的44.91%。公司贷款余额达2.92万亿元,同比增长8.31%。

  而备受重视的零售业务,则延续了下滑的态势,这也让人对其“零售第一战略”产生了疑问。

  这里要先回顾下该行零售业务的历史。早在2014年,被业界称为“对公之王”的中信银行开启了零售业务的二次转型。彼时,中信银行对公业务营收占比为52.2%,零售业务营收占比仅为20.2%,且仅仅贡献了2%的利润。

  此后,该行的“零售转型”路径越来越清晰。2015年,零售业务还是以对公为核心的“一体两翼”中的一翼,2018年则进一步升级为与对公、金融市场“三驾齐驱”的地位。截至2018年末,该行零售业务税前利润占比增至29%。

  来到2021年,中信银行在其财报中提出以财富管理为支点,以“板块融合、公私联动、集团协同”为杠杆,实现零售金融业务“撑杆跳”。董事长方合英也宣布,计划在接下来的两到三年时间内,即大约到2023年或2024年,使零售业务的收入占比突破50%的大关,行业视角上,则是“零售业务整体规模、实力站稳同业第一梯队”目标。

  不止于此,2022年,中信银行更是提出了打造“新零售”的战略目标,并喊出了“零售第一战略”的口号。

  02

  信用卡业务拖累“零售第一战略”

  但,理想很丰满,现实很骨感。中信银行零售业务的营收规模在近几年却徘徊不前。

  2021-2023年,其营收规模分别为826亿元、847亿元和864亿元,分别占总营收比重40.4%、40.1%和42%。来到2024年,规模不仅下滑至856.79亿元,占比也下挫1.9个百分点,继续回到40.1%,离50%尚有不小的差距。

  其税前利润,也从2021年顶峰的227.04亿元,一路下滑至2024年的92.3亿元,降幅高达六成,占比也从2021年的34.7%下降至11.4%。而去年该行公司业务营收和税前利润较2023年分别增长了4.02%、18.92%;金融市场业务也实现“双增”,分别增长23.07%、37.65%。

  零售业务徘徊不前的背后,是其信用卡业务的低迷,在发卡量、交易额、贷款余额等多个关键指标上,都呈现下滑的状态。

  先看发卡量,截至2024年末,中信累积发卡1.23亿张,较上年末增长6.68%。和上一年累计发卡量比较可以得出,中信2024年的发卡量为771.7万张,比2023年少了120.1万张。在近五年中,仅高于2022年的527.9万张。这意味着,中信银行在获客方面呈现收缩的状态。

  信用卡贷款余额是衡量银行信用卡业务规模的主要指标。截至2024年末,中信银行信用卡贷款余额4878.8亿元,同比减少328.1亿元。这是在2021年升至5000亿元以上后,首次跌破5000亿元。实际上,从去年一季度开始,连续四个季度,该行的信用卡贷款余额一直在收缩。

  不仅如此,中信银行信用卡的交易额也连续出现下滑的趋势。在2021年,该行信用卡交易量还呈双位数增长,增幅为14.05%,交易额为2.78万亿元;但到2022年,增幅迅速降至0.44%,交易额2.79万亿元。在2023年,交易额开始负增长,下跌2.73%至2.71万亿元。2024年,这一跌幅进一步双位数拉大,交易额已不足2.5万亿元,跌至2.44万亿元。

  对比“零售之王”招商银行的同期变化,其2020-2024年的交易额同比增幅分别为9.73%、1.52%、-0.44%和-8.2%,显然后者的曲线更加平滑一些。

  多个关键指标的收缩,最终带来的是营收的下滑。2023年,中信银行实现信用卡业务收入594.21亿元,同比下降0.67%。2024年,降幅拉大至-5.91%,收入559.10亿元。

  而拉长时间线,在2019年营收冲上600亿元大关后,仅持续了两年,即2019年收入605.09亿元,2020年收入614.98亿元,在2021年又陷入增长瓶颈,跌破600亿元并一直在这一规模之下,来至2024年,营收跌落至2019年至今的最低值。

  03

  收缩大趋势下改变不易

  中信银行信用卡面临的问题不止这些,其不良贷款和不良贷款率在近几年也在不断攀升。

  截至2024年末,中信银行的整体不良贷款余额为664.85亿元,较2023年末增加16.85亿元,增幅2.60%。

  其中,信用卡不良贷款余额122.37亿元,较上年末减少9.61亿元,占比整体不良余额的18.4%,但相比较而言,仍处于高位,2021-2022年,中信信用卡不良贷款余额分别为96.5亿元、105.2亿元。

  信用卡不良率上,2021-2023年,其不良率分别为1.83%、2.06%、2.53%,2024年随不良贷款余额的下降迎来小拐点,较上年末下降0.03个百分点至2.51%,但要指出的是,其2024年上半年的不良率是上升的,且升到了2.57%。

  与同行业相比,信用卡业务规模更大的招商银行,其2021-2024年的信用卡不良率分别为1.65%、1.77%、1.75%、1.75%,整体处于平稳的状态。

  再看兴业银行,其在2022年信用卡不良率由上年的2.29%飙升至4.01%后,此后两年逐年下滑,2023年不良率降至3.93%,2024年进一步下降了0.29个百分点至3.64%。

  值得注意的是,在信用卡业务持续承压的同时,去年,中信银行信用卡中心还两次被罚。

  其中,在去年3月,因信用卡资金用途管控不力,现金分期资金实际用于购买理财产品,未有效识别信用卡套现行为,国家金融监督管理总局浙江监管局对中信银行杭州信用卡分中心处罚30万元。

  随后在去年6月,中信银行信用卡中心又因为监测策略存在缺漏,刷卡资金流入非消费领域,被罚款50万元。

  这从中也可以看出中信银行在信用卡风险管理上存在的不足。

  另外,规模缩减、不良上升的同时,曾以联名卡和高端权益著称的中信银行信用卡,开始规模化停发联名信用卡,并收缩了不少信用卡的权益。

  如去年7月8日,中信银行公告称,于2024年9月15日起,停止发行12款中信银行信用卡产品。这12款产品绝大部分是联名的信用卡。

  在信用卡权益方面,去年年末,中信银行将旗下多款信用卡的交易权益规则进行调整,如2024年11月1日起,中信银联i白金信用卡“白金专属36+1新生活”获取交易权益点除要求满足每月交易金额外,还新增了其中银联渠道交易金额的限制。这样的操作,也引发了不少持卡人的不满。

  事实上,中信银行信用卡业务的变化,也是整个信用卡行业的一个缩影。据天眼查,央行发布的《2024年支付体系运行总体情况》显示,截至2024年末,信用卡和借贷合一卡的在用发卡数量为7.27亿张,较2023年末减少了约4000万张,下降幅度达5.14%。

  另据《中国银行卡产业发展蓝皮书2024》,2023年信用卡交易总额为39.8万亿元,同比下降5.6%,并且连续两年交易额与卡量同步下滑。国有/股份制银行信用卡交易金额平均下降已经达到23.44%。

  业内也普遍认为,信用卡业务已从“跑马圈地”进入存量竞争的阶段。

  在规模收缩的大趋势下,中信银行信用卡也在不断有所作为,进一步加大优质客户获取和分期投放。从线下渠道来看,该行在衣食住行、娱乐等民生消费场景获客同比上升47%,陌生拜访渠道占比压缩17%。另外,去年该行通过借贷联动获取私行客户数同比提升26.79%,私行信用卡覆盖率同比提升6.29%。

  但这还远远不够,中信银行若想在让“零售第一”不继续失色,须在占据全行营业净收入近1/5,占零售营收的大半壁江山的信用卡业务上,展现更大的魄力。

  这考验着该行董事长方合英带领的行领导班子的智慧。

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