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  在市场利率下行阶段,如何压降负债成本、防范利差损风险?越来越多的保险公司向分红险等浮动收益产品求解,在寿险业内掀起结构性转型的浪潮。中国证券报记者近日从业内调研了解到,去年以来,各家保险公司持续推进一场大刀阔斧的业务重构,比如在新发产品中,分红险逐渐走向舞台中央,占比大幅提升;同时,不少公司在培训、推广、销售方面推出“课表”“任务表”……向分红险转型已经从喊口号转向动真格。

  保险公司在产品转型方面摩拳擦掌,已转化出切切实实的数字。记者日前从业内获悉的一份行业交流数据资料显示,2024年分红寿险原保险保费收入7658.74亿元,同比增长4.12%,增速较上年度由负转正。但多位业内人士告诉记者,分红险距离被市场广泛接受依然任重道远。“分红型产品不太好卖,难点在于确定的收益看起来少,不确定的收益虽然有可能高,但消费者对此存疑。”北京一位头部险企人士告诉记者。

  消费者不买账,与此前结息水平难以达到演示水平有关。业内人士告诉记者,分红险分红主要源于利差益,与分红险账户的投资收益息息相关,特别是2023年投资收益低迷叠加监管部门“限高”,令很多产品的结息水平腰斩,分红实现率低于50%的产品不在少数。但业内人士也告诉记者,分红险中有平滑机制和特别储备的概念,投资收益好,一般留存至“储备池”的盈余就会增加,如果政策放松,保险公司后续有望提高结息水平,将盈余补发给客户。未来,行业需审慎确定分红水平,在有效管控负债成本的同时,保障产品竞争力。

  ●本报记者薛瑾

  产品结构重塑进行时

  分红险指保险公司将其实际经营成果产生的盈余按一定比例向保单持有人进行分配的人身保险产品,分为“保证收益”和“浮动收益”两部分,保险公司需将运营收益的较大部分(不低于70%)与保单持有者共享。

  在低利率、资产荒压力下,为了减少利差损风险,2024年以来,保险公司在负债端加速推进向分红险等浮动收益产品转型。

  记者近日从业内获悉的一份行业交流数据资料显示:2024年,人身险行业在产品预定利率持续下调、深化“报行合一”等政策驱动下加速转型,呈现规模增长与结构优化并行的态势。2024年,普通寿险原保险保费收入24070.23亿元,同比增长8.16%,占比60.24%,是行业增长的第一拉动力;分红寿险原保险保费收入7658.74亿元,同比增长4.12%,在经历数年的加速下滑后,首次实现保费正增长。

  “近年来,市场利率快速下行。当前10年期国债收益率、30年期国债收益率均处于历史低位。”一位业内人士认为,在当前的低利率环境下,发展浮动收益型产品能够更好地帮助保险公司穿越周期、实现与客户长期共赢,有助于保险公司降低刚性负债成本、提升长期经营业绩稳健性。

  保险行业的新“国十条”也提出,推进产品转型升级,支持浮动收益型保险发展。分红型产品就是浮动收益型保险产品的最主要形态。

  “对寿险行业来说,超大体量的存量业务将面临利差损压力。传统保险产品的客户利益在客户投保时就确定并写入保险合同,在整个保单期间不受市场利率波动的影响。”泰康养老总精算师高悦解释称,过高的保底利率对投资收益刚性要求极高,也成为产生利差损风险的重要原因。站在寿险经营的视角,发展分红型产品,也有助于稳健经营,防范利差损风险。

  高悦还认为,分红型产品保底利率较低,其资产配置策略相对灵活,可为追求长期收益配置更高比例的权益资产;同时,由于分红型产品的负债久期相对较短,可缓解保险公司资产负债久期匹配压力,更贴近保单持有人对长期稳定超额收益的关注。

  此外,推进分红险转型,也有利于财务指标稳定。按照相关会计准则,传统险在利率下行过程中需增提大量准备金,大幅减少寿险公司报表利润。“额外的准备金计提并不真实反映公司在年度经营中的实际亏损,只是量化了公司未来30年-50年可能面临的利率风险。”高悦表示,普通型保险产品增提准备金给整个保险行业的利润和偿付能力造成了一定压力。相比之下,分红型产品受到短期利率下行的影响较小,使得寿险公司的利润指标和偿付能力指标可以保持更高的稳定性。

  分红实现率有待提高

  2025年的“开门红”让分红险重回主流的趋势愈发凸显,新上市的分红险数量越来越多,占产品货架的比例显著提升。不少险企还在此类产品销售培训等方面发力做功课,分红险无疑成为今年寿险市场最大看点之一。

  “2025年公司将重点推动分红险转型,并规划了一系列组合拳。我们希望通过加强分红险的培训、推广、销售,有力改善未来业务结构,提高公司持续健康发展的能力。”新华保险总裁龚兴峰在该公司年度业绩会上表示,公司的目标是2025年分红险占整个业务盘子的比例不低于30%。中国平安管理层也表示,将持续强化分红险推动策略,规划分红产品上新,推动分红险占比继续提升;未来公司将主打分红险产品,预计这类产品占比将达到50%以上。

  记者调研了解到,在不同渠道,保险公司推进分红险的策略和进度出现了一定的分化。“银代渠道主要销售中短期产品,个险渠道主要销售中长期产品。银代渠道会走得快一些,我们尽快部署产品;个险渠道会走得慢一点,因为其对代理人技能转型要求更高,培训准备环节更多。”一位上市险企人士告诉记者。

  对外经济贸易大学保险学院教授王国军说,分红险转型是险企为了应对低利率环境和市场竞争的一种策略,目的是通过分红险的灵活性来降低风险,同时满足消费者对收益的期望。其难点在于保险公司需要保证分红险的收益,而分红险的收益依赖于险企的投资能力和资本市场的起落。

  眼下,保险公司一年一度的分红险成绩单正在陆续披露。部分公司披露了分红险2024年分红实现率,不少产品分红实现率达到或超过100%。可以将分红实现率简单理解为实际分红水平与演示分红水平的比值。记者了解到,实际分红水平达到甚至超过演示分红水平的产品多为2024年推出的产品,这类产品已将投资收益率假设调低至3.5%,演示水平也随之降低。

  而在2024年之前推出的产品中,分红实现率大多未达到100%,也就是实际结息水平未能达到合同里的演示水平。多位业内人士透露,因为现金分红对投资收益率的要求很高,前几年权益类资产的波动导致投资收益率不理想,2023年全行业投资收益低迷。为了确保长期利差损风险可控,去年监管部门对分红水平实行了限高,防范此类产品的潜在风险。限高令下,保险公司的分红实现率普遍降至50%上下,极少数达到100%。

  即便没有限高,一些公司分红险产品2022年和2023年的分红实现率也因为投资失利而跌去一大截。一位大型保险公司人士向记者展示的一款分红型产品说明显示,2020年至2024年,现金红利实现率分别为182%、172%、6%、6%、60%。而对于2024年数据向好,该公司人士解释称,其得益于投资收益回暖。

  特别储备“蓄水池”调节分红水平

  除了投资收益率,分红水平还受一系列因素影响。“我们会根据上一年度分红业务的实际经营情况,遵循普遍接受的精算原理,结合可持续性、可支撑性原则,确定当年分红业务的可分配盈余。可分配盈余来自本公司实际的投资收益率、死亡率等相关营运经验与评估假设的差异产生的收益。”北京一家头部寿险公司相关负责人表示。此外,保险公司的历史包袱,即高利率保单的存量规模,也会间接影响保险公司当下的分红水平。

  记者调研了解到,某年度实际红利减少,直接原因可能是保险公司经营业绩下降,也可能是保险公司进行了更多的分红保险特别储备计提。分红保险特别储备是分红险账户逐年累积的池子,其权益共同属于保单持有人和股东,用于平滑未来的分红水平。这意味着保险公司投资能力越稳定,这个池子的储量越大,未来达成账户预期收益的能力就越强。

  而保险公司分红险账户均有平滑机制,简言之是行情好时存一笔钱,行情差时拿出来弥补分红,尽量让每年的分红相对稳定。

  不过,监管部门也规定,分红保险特别储备的规模连续2年超过该账户准备金15%的,超出部分应作为当期可分配盈余予以释放。业内人士预计,未来若政策放松叠加投资回暖,保险公司后续可能会提高结息水平,将盈余补发给客户。

  北京大学中国保险与社会保障研究中心专家委员会委员朱俊生认为,分红实现率的可持续性建立在公司长期稳定的投资能力基础之上。在当前的市场环境下,行业提升管理分红险的能力非常重要。怎样平滑账户的储备基金、怎样制定每年分红政策、怎样兼顾同业竞争与公司利益,对保险公司而言仍是挑战。同时,保险公司需要管理客户预期,既不能把客户胃口吊得太高,也不能过分打压预期。

  向分红险转型,已不仅仅是产品形态的切换,更成为关乎行业生存的系统性重塑。被行业视为破局利差损密钥的分红险,有着比传统险更为复杂的条款和逻辑,需迎接代理人销售能力、消费者认知和接受度、保险公司自身投资实力和稳健经营能力等多重考验,跨越理想与现实的鸿沟。而对于消费者,买分红险就像是与保险公司做长期合伙人,应全面关注保险公司的投资收益率、综合风险评级、偿付能力等基本面,比起关注历史分红实现率,更需要回归到保险公司本身。

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