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妈妈从拒绝到主动的转变句子,甜蜜场景令人心动不已,尽现温馨时刻
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妈妈从拒绝到主动的转变句子,甜蜜场景令人心动不已,尽现温馨时刻

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  日前,西藏自治区文物保护研究所公布了对多项重要遗址的研究进展。大量考古成果揭示:10万年前,人类就已踏上了青藏高原的腹地。

  无独有偶,四川资阳濛溪河遗址群出土的遗存中,大量古代动植物化石等有机物遗存,也让我们得以一窥6万~8万年前当地古人类的“菜篮子”和“药匣子”。

  这些古人类是谁?他们来自何方?和如今的现代人有什么渊源吗?

  因为化石太少,时间太久,情况又太复杂,关于世界古人类演化、迁徙和繁衍的基本脉络,不仅对于如今绝大多数人来说仍是知识盲区,就算是考古学界也仍存在诸多争议。

  幸好,近年来国际古DNA研究取得了丰硕成果,为人类的起源和演化历史研究提供了极有价值的重要参考资料。

  寻找祖先之旅

  如今,当我们说起“人类”这个词的时候,心中下意识想到的应该都是遍布全球、肤色各异的现代人们。但对于古人类学家们而言,“人类”是一个分支众多、年代久远的概念。

  我们都是现代人的后裔,在人类与猿猴分离之后的百万年进化史中,现代人很晚才登上舞台,却获得了全胜。

  人们最早开始好奇“我们从哪里来”,很大程度上是受到达尔文的启发——1859年出版的《物种起源》中,达尔文阐述了生物进化和自然选择的原理,并指出人类的演化可能由此得到启示。

  随后,达尔文的追随者、著名学者赫胥黎1863年在其著作《人类在自然界中的位置》中,进一步阐明了达尔文的观点,明确提出了“人猿同祖”的假说——“在整体结构上最接近人类的猿是黑猩猩或大猩猩”,他在书中写道。

  1871年,达尔文在《人类的由来及性选择》里系统讨论了人类的起源,指出“在一个遥远的过去时期,人类——宇宙的奇迹和光荣——从旧世界猴类产生出来了”,并推测:人类的起源地极有可能在非洲。

  与此同时,达尔文也没有否定其他的可能性,比如亚洲。

  1887年,年轻的荷兰医生杜布瓦在印度尼西亚的爪哇岛发现了一小块古人类头盖骨化石,还有一颗牙齿。他据此制作了一个头骨模型,这就是著名的“爪哇人”,也被称为直立猿人。

  1929年12月,北京猿人的头盖骨在周口店龙骨山发掘出土。后续的研究发现:这些直立人生活在距今约80万~30万年前,是最早被认定能制作工具和用火的远古人类,并在很长的时间里被认为是中国乃至东亚人类的祖先。

  不过,来自非洲的丰富发现,最终还是将人类的起源带回了广袤的非洲大地上——这里保存了距今700万年以来人类演化各关键阶段的化石材料,学界目前也基本达成了最初人类起源于非洲的共识。

  这个共识来之不易,很大一个原因是证据太少,也就是化石太少。因此一块下颌骨、一根指骨甚至一颗牙齿都可以成为古人类学家眼中的无价之宝。

  《万物简史》的作者比尔·布莱森曾专门问过美国自然历史博物馆的相关专家:全世界已发现的有关人科动物和早期人类的化石总量有多少?

  对方说:“如果你不介意它们混在一起的话,可以统统装进一辆小卡车的后部。”

  拥有名字的南方古猿:露西

  在所有迄今已发现的古人类骨骼化石中,南方古猿“露西”无疑是最有人气的明星。著名导演吕克·贝松的科幻电影《超体》英文原名“Lucy”,就来自这位“人类的老祖母”。

  露西的化石于1974年在埃塞俄比亚的哈达尔地区被发现。她被认为生活在距今约318万年的久远过去,是“人类起源于非洲”的重要证据之一。

  令露西格外出名的重点,是其骨骼化石的相对丰富——人类学家们收集到的化石碎片约占一个人全身骨骼的40%,这几乎能复原一个完整的形体了。事实上,研究者们也这么做了,露西多毛的脸庞和矮小的身躯(她身高仅1米),半个世纪以来一直是古人类的“代言形象”。

  露西的骨骼表明:这些早期原始人类可以用两条腿直立行走,这证明人类祖先至少早在320万年前就已用双脚直立行走。研究人员还通过分析露西骸骨中骨折的情况,认为她有可能是从很高的树上坠落而死去的——为直立行走付出的代价之一,大概就是在树上没有猿猴那么灵活自如。

  人类演化的主流过程也从这种会直立行走的南方古猿开始,一般简化为“南方古猿→能人→直立人→智人→现代人”的过程。生活在这个地球上的我们,都是现代人的后裔。

  从能人开始,古人类的脑容量明显增大了不少。研究者们认为大脑的发育和直立行走直接相关——走出森林的古人类不得不制定较为复杂的计划,这促进了大脑的进化。

  从直立人开始,现代人类的特征变得更加明显——他们学会了狩猎,学会了使用火和制造复杂的工具,并留下了照顾族群中老弱病残成员的证据。大约从100多万年前开始,一些直立人渐渐离开了非洲,逐步扩散到地球上的其他地区。

  但真正造就了如今遍布全球的我们——现代人类的那次迁徙,距今仅有数万年时间:一群适应能力惊人的“Plus”版现代人类走出非洲大陆,以压倒性的优势在世界各地繁衍生息,发展壮大。

  在此过程中自然也伴随着他们与所到之地其余古老人群的融合,比如早已灭绝的尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人,他们的部分基因也留在了现代人的基因组里。

  哈佛医学院遗传学系教授、古DNA领域的顶尖学者大卫·赖克在其著作《人类起源的故事》中写道:“科学家在古NDA革命中发现,全球各地的人类都是多次人群迁徙、融合后诞下的混血儿……人类历史就是一个又一个人群分离与融合的大循环。”

  你是星尘,也是宇宙

  目前,“非洲起源附带杂交”的模型是主流科学界的共识,即现代人主要起源于非洲晚期智人,他们在向世界各地扩散的过程中,与尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人等古人类发生过有限的基因交流。

  至于现代人向东亚地区的扩散过程,大致有两条概括性的简化路线(实际上的迁徙过程当然要复杂得多),分别是“南方路线”和“北方路线”。

  南方路线主要沿着海岸线走——约6万年前,早期现代人从非洲东部出发,沿红海沿岸进入阿拉伯半岛南部。经阿拉伯半岛后,人群沿波斯湾进入印度西海岸,延伸至南亚次大陆最南端。约5万年前,人群通过巽他大陆(今马来群岛)进入东南亚,再经中南半岛北上进入中国南方,逐渐覆盖华南地区。

  北方路线则主要在内陆扩散——约5万年前,现代人从非洲东北部进入黎凡特(今以色列、约旦),经美索不达米亚平原进入中亚;约4万年前,人群沿阿尔泰山脉北麓进入西伯利亚南部;约3万年前,人群经蒙古高原南缘进入中国西北,再向东扩散至华北。

  大卫·赖克是复旦大学教授王传超的博士后导师,师生在合作分析中发现:当下绝大多数东亚人的血统可以用三个群组来描述。第一个群组的核心人群来自黑龙江流域,第二个群组的主要人群来自青藏高原,第三个群组的主要人群来自东南亚。

  他们的分析结果支持这样一个人群历史模型:当今绝大多数东亚人的现代人血统基本上来自两个很久之前便分离的两个支系的混血,只是不同人群的融合比例不同而已。

  这两个支系的成员往各个方向扩张,它们相互之间,以及它们与其他遇见的人群间的混血,铸造了当今东亚的人群结构。

  由于目前科学家们还没有得到这两个支系的古DNA,因此暂将其称为“未知人群”。其中一个是集中分布在长江流域的“长江流域未知人群”,另一个是集中分布在黄河流域的“黄河流域未知人群”。

  这两个群体在长江流域和黄河流域分别独立发展了以水稻和小麦为主的农业文明,在大约5000年前开始向四面八方扩张,同时在此过程中与此前先到达当地的人群发生混血,形成现代汉族基因构成的基础。

  著名天文学家卡尔·萨根说:我们每一个人都是星尘——DNA里的氮元素、牙齿里的钙元素、血液里的铁元素,还有食物里的碳元素,都来自宇宙大爆炸之后散落太空的物质。

  这与《人类起源的故事》中那句“人类历史上从未有过什么单一的主流人群,融合才是一直以来的主旋律”亦形成了某种呼应——我们每个人的身体里都嵌着无数祖先的基因,如远古的繁星在暗中闪烁,一如诗人惠特曼的名句“我辽阔广大,我包罗万象(Iamlarge,Icontainmultitudes)”。

  你是星尘,也是宇宙。

  成都商报-红星新闻记者乔雪阳

  “从豆蔻年华的这头,到饱经风霜的那头,北京丁香,我走不出你浪漫的幽香……”4月15日,在位于北京西城区的法源寺,老中青三代侨胞深情诵读这首由美国北京联谊会原创的《北京丁香,我紫色的乡愁》。

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