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一边亲一面膜下|探索跨文化交流的新机遇与挑战
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  2025.04.22

本文字数:2393,阅读时长大约4分钟

  作者 |第一财经 后歆桐

  在美东时间4月22日发布的2025年4月《世界经济展望报告》(WEO)中,鉴于贸易政策的不确定性,国际货币基金组织(IMF)久违地再次给出多种情境假设。第一种是基于截至4月4日公布的关税措施的参考预测(referenceforecast)。第二种是基于4月2日对等关税宣布前的预测(截止日期为3月下旬)。第三种是基于4月9日后,特朗普宣布部分关税暂缓和豁免措施后的预测。

  在最基本的参考预测情境下,贸易政策的不确定性预计将持续到2025年和2026年。短期内,根据参考预测,全球经济增长预计将从2024年的3.3%降至2025年的2.8%,然后在2026年恢复到3%。这比2025年1月WEO的预测分别低0.5个百分点(2025年)和0.3个百分点(2026年),几乎所有国家经济增速预测都被下调。IMF称,这在很大程度上反映了新贸易措施的直接影响,以及各国贸易联系溢出效应、不确定性加剧和情绪恶化产生的间接影响。

  图源IMF

  IMF强调,全球经济正处于关键时刻。在经历了漫长且充满挑战的冲击期后,2024年的大部分时间,全球经济都出现了稳定的迹象:通货膨胀率从几十年来的高点回落,向全球各央行目标位缓慢而颠簸地靠拢;劳动力市场正常化,失业率和职位空置率都恢复到疫情前的水平。过去几年,全球经济增长率始终徘徊在3%左右。然而,重大政策转变正在重置全球贸易体系,并带来不确定性,这再次考验了全球经济的韧性。

  在另外两种情境下,根据4月2日前情境预测,2025年和2026年的全球增长率将为3.2%,均比1月WEO调低0.1个百分点。根据4月9日后情境预测,2025年和2026年的全球增长率将分别为2.8%和2.9%。

  不论如何,IMF称,全球经济增长动力正在失速、冷却。比如,在美国,IMF称,消费者、企业和投资者情绪在年初是乐观的,但最近随着不确定性的存在和新关税措施的宣布,他们的态度明显变得更加悲观。

  对于通胀前景,IMF此次表示,大多数经济体的去通胀进程停滞不前,某些经济体通胀率甚至呈上升趋势,越来越多的国家通胀超过央行目标位。服务业通胀虽然仍呈下降趋势,但仍高于本轮通胀飙升前的水平。自2024年11月以来,核心商品通胀也有所上升。

  在此背景下,IMF多年来首次强调,各国国内失衡和政策差异,导致全球失衡,也给全球经济前景酝酿了一些潜在脆弱性。以美国的国内失衡为例,美国私人消费占GDP的比例在进入20世纪20年代后达到了史上最高点,财政赤字也仍处于历史高位。

  美国经济增速预测大幅调降0.9个百分点

  在参考预测下,IMF预计发达经济体的整体经济增速将从2024年的1.8%降至2025年的1.4%和2026年的1.5%。由于对美国、加拿大、英国和日本经济增速的大幅调降,2025年的增长率比1月WEO的预测低了0.5个百分点。

  IMF预计美国2025年的经济增长率将降至1.8%,比2024年的增长率低1个百分点,比1月WEO大幅调低0.9个百分点。IMF称,下调是由于政策不确定性增加、贸易紧张局势、需求前景疲软以及消费增长低于预期。IMF并预计,关税政策也将影响美国2026年的经济增长,在私人消费温和的情况下,预计2026年增长率为1.7%,比1月WEO调降了0.4个百分点。

  对于欧元区经济增长率,IMF预计将在2025年小幅下降至0.8%,然后在2026年小幅回升至1.2%。不断上升的不确定性和关税也是欧元区2025年经济增长放缓的主要驱动力。而2026年经济增长得温和反弹,IMF称,主要将得益于欧元区实际工资上涨带来的消费增长,以及德国即将推出的财政宽松政策。

  IMF预计新兴市场和发展中经济体今明两年的整体增长率预计将分别降至3.7%和3.9%,2024年的预期增长率为4.3%。最新的预测比1月WEO中分别调降了0.5和0.4个百分点。

  IMF预计,在2024年明显放缓之后,亚洲新兴市场和发展中经济体2025年和2026年的增长预计将分别录得4.5%和4.6%,比1月WEO分别下调0.6和0.5个百分点。IMF强调,东盟国家会是受4月关税措施影响最大的经济体之一。对于欧洲新兴和发展中经济体的增长率,IMF也预计将大幅放缓,从2024年的3.4%降至2025年和2026年的2.1%,主要源于俄罗斯的增长率预计将从2024年的4.1%急剧下降到2025年的1.5%,再进一步跌至2026年的0.9%。俄罗斯经济预期被大幅调降的原因主要是,劳动力市场紧张程度降低和工资增长放缓,将导致私人消费和投资减速。

  至关重要的是,IMF强调,许多国家的大部分可用政策空间也已经耗尽,这限制了政策制定者在新的负面冲击或明显衰退的情况下,可以为经济体提供的支持力度。对于关税在短期内对各国的增长影响,IMF认为是各不相同的,具体取决于每个国家的贸易关系、行业构成、政策反应和贸易多元化机会。对于某些经济体,例如中国和欧元区,财政支持可以抵消一些负面影响。

  今明两年通胀预测均被调高

  根据参考预测,IMF预计全球整体通胀率将在2025年降至4.3%,随后在2026年进一步降至3.6%,预计发达经济体的整体通胀率将更早回落到目标水平,2026年有望达到2.2%,新兴市场和发展中经济体的整体通胀率在2026年也将降至4.6%。虽然仍将继续下降,但此次对2025年通胀的预测值比1月WEO时略有调升。

  对于发达经济体今年整体通胀的最新预测比1月上调0.4个百分点。其中,美国和英国今年通胀预测的上调幅度尤为显著,分别比1月上调了1.0个百分点和0.7个百分点。对美国,IMF称,这反映了服务业顽固的价格动态、最近核心商品(不包括食品和能源)价格的上涨,以及最近关税措施带来的供应冲击。对英国,上调主要反映了一次性受监管的价格变化。欧元区的通胀预期并无变化。

  IMF对新兴市场和发展中经济体的整体通胀预测修改情况喜忧参半。对亚洲新兴市场和发展中国家,IMF预计今年的整体通胀压力将更加温和,比1月预测下调0.5个百分点。IMF称,在经历了一系列意外下行后,中国的通胀预计将保持温和。

  总体而言,IMF称,通胀前景有所改善,但尚未完全恢复到疫情前模式,并且存在高度的不确定性。特别是,最近征收的关税对各国通胀的影响将取决于关税最终是暂时的还是永久的,企业调整利润以抵消增加的进口成本的程度,以及进口是以美元还是本币计价。此外,贸易关税对被征收关税的国家造成了供应冲击,降低了生产率,增加了单位成本。随着出口需求的减少,被征关税国家面临着负面的需求冲击,会对价格施加下行压力。在上述两种情况下,贸易不确定性h还会额外增加一层需求冲击,因为企业和家庭会推迟投资和支出,这种影响可能还会因金融状况收紧和汇率波动加剧而越发严重。

  国内失衡引发全球失衡

  除了以往提及的因素外,IMF此次首次提出,地缘政治紧张局势加剧和各国国内失衡加剧,再次引发对全球失衡的担忧。此外,其他非市场政策和国家干预也可能导致外部失衡。“国际贸易额占全球GDP的百分比大致保持稳定,但结构性变化仍在发生。”IMF称,“总体而言,越来越多的贸易发生在历史上相互结盟的国家内部,而不是国家之间。此外,自2016~17年以来,中国和美国的贸易伙伴基础多样化,进出口联系脱钩。在某些情况下,这种贸易多样化还体现在供应链的微观层面,包括通过贸易重新安排和生产重新分配,这一情况最明显地体现在亚洲新兴市场之间。在其他一些情况下,这种贸易再分配也已显现在宏观经济层面。例如,需求模式的转变导致欧洲总体上从中国进口更多,在能源领域从美国进口更多。与此同时,欧洲在其他领域对美国的出口也在增加。因此,欧洲对中国和美国的贸易敞口都有所增加。”

  以全球经常账户余额(绝对盈余和赤字之和)来衡量,IMF称,这一数字已从2022年的峰值下降,但仍高于疫情前的平均值。而美国的经常账户赤字比20世纪10年代末更大。由于这种经常账户的失衡,国际净投资头寸也出现了失衡。美国居民的净资产头寸,即美国持有的外国证券减去外国持有的美国证券,在2022年短暂增加后,从2023年开始又恢复了下降趋势。这不仅因为美国股票价格的涨幅超过外国股票价格,还因为在此期间,外国购买美国债券的增加。近年来,外国直接投资(FDI)也集中在美国。

  基于此,2024年11月美国大选前夕,美元长期大幅升值。当时,市场预计美国经济增速将加快,货币政策将收紧。然而,自2025年2月以来,由于美国增长前景疲软和不确定性,美元已经回吐了2024年最后一个季度取得的所有涨幅。新兴市场和发展中经济体的货币此前贬值压力尤其显著,但已随着美元疲软而消散。

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