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拉丁美洲是全球BRT客车(双铰接客车)的摇篮。近年来,在全球公共交通低碳化转型的浪潮中,拉丁美洲的BRT客车市场亦呈现发展新趋势。中国客车企业正以电动化技术迭代与场景化创新特征,抢占拉美客车市场先机。

前不久,宇通客车针对拉丁美洲BRT系统推出的26米纯电动双铰接客车引发全球客车行业关注。这款新车型的诞生,既折射出“中国制造”对海外市场需求的精准洞察,也为新能源商用车技术融入城市公共交通网络提供全新范式。

纯电动+定制化

  打开拉美BRT市场的钥匙

1972年巴西库里蒂巴BRT系统的开通,不仅成为拉丁美洲其他国家日后发展BRT的参照,更使得双铰接客车、高地板等特征,成为拉丁美洲BRT系统的独特标签。公共交通与出行学者王健介绍说,目前,巴西、墨西哥、哥伦比亚是拉丁美洲广泛采用BRT系统的国家。20世纪90年代以来,这些国家的BRT系统主要采用沃尔沃、奔驰等品牌的(双)铰接客车。目前,大部分运营车辆的行驶里程已突破100万公里,迎来车辆更新窗口期。

沃尔沃作为最早进入拉丁美洲BRT系统的客车企业,自然不会错过这一机遇。2024年,沃尔沃发布BZR纯电动客车平台,并基于此为拉丁美洲市场打造出多款纯电动(双)铰接客车。目前,沃尔沃7800系列纯电动铰接客车正在墨西哥城进行测试,预计将在2026年实现批量交付。

文章开头提到的宇通26米纯电动双铰接客车同样是为墨西哥城的BRT系统所开发。宇通客车的技术人员介绍说,双铰接城市客车在全球市场上存在明确且清晰的需求。

宇通客车此次将目光投向墨西哥市场,主要是基于墨西哥政府坚持公共交通车辆纯电动化的发展方向,加之墨西哥市场上的既有车型已逐步开始更新。针对墨西哥市场的需求,宇通组织了专门团队(涵盖技术研发、产品、销售等部门)深入一线,针对运营线路、运营车辆、驾驶员、维修人员、运营管理人员等领域进行详细调研,并确立了针对客户需求,进行定制化、针对性开发。

通过充分的市场调研,宇通客车认为,墨西哥城BRT系统具有如下几大需求特征:高运载量、安全性、耐用性及经济性;此外,还需要克服极端天气适配性,保证运营效率和出勤率。

针对上述需求特征和难点,宇通客车组织研发团队逐一攻克。针对高运载量需求,宇通客车研发出专用的双铰接纯电高地板平台,并对整车进行轻量化设计,确保在满足客户运营里程前提下,尽可能降低车辆整备质量,以确保载客量优于既有在用车型。

在安全性方面,研发团队针对实际运营场景中可能出现的事故类型进行模拟分析,在电池防撞、电池防护等方面进行全方位防护,确保车辆安全运营。此外,宇通客车还模拟分析了多种驾驶工况,并为之匹配安全化配置,以进一步降低事故发生概率。

在耐用性需求方面,研发团队在产品策划阶段,便提出按照长寿命要求进行设计,样车试制后,宇通的研发团队进行了针对性综合道路验证和各类性能验证,以确保产品在结构、性能层面安全可靠。

针对运营经济性,这款26米纯电动双铰接客车采用BC5高能量密度电池,配装高效永磁同步驱动电机,并采用先进的电池热管理系统。与此同时,通过优化整车控制策略和采用轻量化车身设计,实现车辆各系统之间的高效协同,共同保证整车拥有更低能耗,提升整体运营收入。

在城市客运走廊上

  发挥“地铁效应”

在谈及双铰接客车的发展时,王健强调,切勿忽视这一类车型在地面交通中所发挥的“地铁效应”。他认为,双铰接客车由多节车厢连接起来,能运载更多乘客,类似于地铁等轨道交通的高运载能力。在高峰时段,这一类车型可有效缓解客流压力,减少拥堵,提升运输效率;在城市客运走廊上,双铰接客车通常在专用车道上行驶,通过避免与其他车辆混行,从而实现类似轨道交通的快速通行,再通过信号优先系统和专用站台,进一步缩短乘客的候车和乘车时间。

相比地铁系统的高昂建设成本,双铰接车型的运营成本更低,且无须大规模地下或高架基础设施建设,在南美城市财政有限的情况下,双铰接客车更是实现大运量运输的经济高效选择。随着新能源汽车技术的逐步成熟,设计开发新能源双铰接客车是降低公共交通碳排放的有效手段之一,亦符合城市绿色发展的需求。

双铰接车型在南美的成功运营,不仅引导城市发展沿客运走廊延伸,促进土地资源的高效利用,还通过与其他交通方式(如自行车和步行)的无缝衔接,优化城市交通网络布局。

对全球公共交通市场发展趋势的敏锐洞察,以及高效、灵活的定制化开发策略,是中国客车企业向全球市场进发的优势。除墨西哥城的项目外,今年年初,宇通为厄瓜多尔首都基多生产的60辆18米无轨电车陆续交付用户,它们将替换20世纪90年代投入运营的奔驰O405GT客车。未来,宇通客车将持续聚焦客户需求,推动新能源技术与智慧交通、能源网络深度融合,实现从单一产品供应向“绿色出行生态服务”的价值延伸,助力更多城市构建可持续出行生态。

中外迥异的

  BRT车辆技术发展思路

图片来源:欧洲城市客车车辆类型与载客量对比   制表:吴戈  

王健认为,从技术特性到城市交通需求的系统性适配来看,双铰接客车电动化在拉美地区BRT系统中的成功应用,本质上体现了“高运能、低成本、可持续”三位一体的交通解决方案创新。具体来看,24~28米双铰接客车的单车运载效率已接近轨道交通水平,沃尔沃客车拉丁美洲市场负责人AndréMarques同样持有类似观点,他认为,纯电动双铰接客车在带来大载客量的同时,更能以低廉成本实现低碳化运行。

此外,在电动化技术路径中,拉丁美洲地区高地板BRT客车平台为动力电池布置提供了更大空间,无论是采用轮边分布式驱动系统布局,还是中置驱动的集中式架构,均能实现动力系统与载客空间的解耦设计。王健说,尽管动力电池的增重效应客观存在,但通过高强度轻质合金与模块化车身结构的组合应用,即可实现运载效率与能源密度的动态平衡。

不过,在中国,地面公共交通情况似乎有些不同。一些大型、特大型城市的BRT系统在经过高速发展过程后,逐渐让位于轨道交通,地面交通的客运走廊特征正逐步弱化。政策引导与客流下滑,使得国内城市客车“大转小”趋势更加明晰。王健认为,国内的城市管理部门在交通规划中,重点考虑的是发展轨道交通系统,忽视公共汽车服务的经济性,在城市资源有限的条件下,建设一条轨道交通线路的投资就足以支持建成一个可以覆盖城市大多数区域的公共汽车网络,这种权衡不仅能够优化公共资源配置,还能提升公共交通的整体效率和覆盖范围,从而更好地满足市民出行需求。

中国双铰接客车电动化在拉丁美洲市场的成功,本质上是对“适宜技术理论”的现代演绎,在精准匹配城市发展阶段、财政承受能力与客流特征的基础上,通过技术创新释放既有基础设施的潜能。这种以需求侧为导向的交通革新路径,对正处于转型期的全球城市交通规划具有启示意义。王健认为,运载工具的进化不应局限于技术参数的竞争,更应关注其与城市生态系统的共生关系,这是我们需要从南美实践中学习借鉴的。

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