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  近来,美国政府在贸易和关税政策上的肆意妄为,不仅引起了全世界的广泛反对,也令美国国内正在面临通胀问题的普通民众苦不堪言。

  鉴于特朗普在去年美国总统选举时就预言过他的这一“美国利益优先”和逆全球化的政策方向,一些美国的经济学家也在反思为什么当时美国会有不少人认为这一政策方向是“正确”的,进而将特朗普送入了白宫。

  其中,美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校的经济学教授凯尔·汉德利(KyleHandley)就在一篇文章中认为,美国一些人热衷于逆全球化,认为全球化损害了美国经济,甚至把所谓“危害”“甩锅”给中国,根子在于美国自己对全球化的认识出现了偏差。

  在这篇发表在美国智库卡托研究所网站的文章中,汉德利表示驱使他撰写这篇文章的原因,是美国一些反对全球化的人一直在散播一种错误的观点,即认为经济学家对于全球化过于乐观,忽视了全球化以及随之而来的开放贸易和市场全球化给美国造成的失业、工业衰退以及经济困境。

  甚至于有声音还认为,认可全球化的主流经济学家都“不靠谱”,美国政府就应该与这些经济学家对着干,才能为美国找到“正确”的出路。

  在汉德利看来,这些反全球化的声音显然是错误的,是在以偏概全和选择性拼凑事实。但他同时认为,这些错误声音的出现,也与主流舆论没有阐述清楚全球化这一对世界经济影响深远的事务的复杂性、对全球化的呈现过于简单化和碎片化,存在关联。

  比如,他表示在上世纪80年代到90年代之间,经济学界普遍认为全球化带来的自由贸易,会给美国带来“净增益”,即便过程中会导致一些人的利益受损,这一阵痛也是“短期”的,很快会通过其他增益弥补回来。而后,在2000年中国加入世贸组织,中国制造的产品开始大量进入美国后,一些人便认为先前经济学界认为的全球化给美国制造业带来的阵痛只是“短期”的说法不成立了。这些人还将这一问题冠名为“中国冲击”,并开始不断研究“中国冲击”以及全球化给美国造成的负面影响。

  汉德利认为,单方面且碎片化地看待问题,就是以偏概全。

  就制造业工作机会的衰减而言,汉德利表示这一趋势在美国的出现其实远远早于中国加入世贸组织,在20世纪五六十年代就已经出现,而且一直持续到了现在——甚至于,从汉德利给出的一个美国制造业岗位的衰减趋势图来看,这一趋势最剧烈的时期并不是发生在中国加入世贸组织后的新千年之后,而是上世纪70到90年代。

  他指出,这一时期是全球科技快速进步、生产力快速提升的一个时期。所以,不是谁抢走了美国工人的工作岗位,而是这些岗位势必会被新科技和机器人等自动化所取代,而且这一现象也不仅出现在美国,日本、德国等很多发达国家,甚至一些发展中国家也出现了类似的情况。

  “所以,即便我们挥舞魔法棒,让美国在2001年时与中国完全脱钩,美国就业岗位中制造业岗位的长期衰退仍会继续,美国工人仍然会找不到新的机会”,汉德利写道。

  更重要的是,汉德利表示,这些制造业失去的工作岗位,其实都转化为了美国日益壮大的服务业岗位,比如科技研发、金融管理、运输物流以及仓储。即便是在制造业领域,美国的高科技制造业仍然在不断发展和扩张。只不过这一新旧岗位的转化过程比经济学家之前预期的要更为漫长和复杂,而且并不是出现在同一行业里,经济学家也在过去数十年里密切关注和研究着这些情况。汉德利表示,即便是在深入研究了这些情况后,经济学家仍然广泛认可全球化的好处,并且认为这种好处远大于走贸易保护主义的老路。

  “行业有起有伏,新的行业总会取代旧的行业。没有谁规定上世纪八九十年代的顶尖行业,就必须继续成为新时代的顶尖行业,哪怕科技已经大幅进步……通用电气不再生产电灯泡,IBM的专长成了云计算和软件,3M成为了消费产品的创新者而不是一个挖矿的......这些都是很好的发展”,汉德利写道。他认为,也正是这些全球化带来的发展,才让美国在科技创新和金融服务上成为了世界的领头羊。他还认为,这说明美国并没有——像一些反全球化的人所说的那样——在全球化中失去优势,因为优势本身就是一个在不断变化的动态概念。成功转型的美国工人和企业,就已经享受到了这些美国拥有更大优势的新领域带来的新生产力和红利。而这对于经济整体的长远发展来说,仍然是利大于弊的。

  此外,汉德利在讲述全球化以及自由贸易带来的好处时,还提到了一个很有意思的细节,即正是因为自由的对外贸易,才令美国如今可以通过进口鸡蛋应对国内的蛋荒问题。他认为,这说明全球化还能大大增强美国抵御不确定性和风险的韧性。而一个有韧性的经济,才更受市场欢迎。

  总之,汉德利认为,经济学家应该继续支持美国走全球化的路线,因为理论和现实都证明全球化对美国是利大于弊的,而且其好处远远多于充满了不确定性的、缺乏韧性、且脱离时代的贸易保护主义。只不过这种支持应该更加全面,既讲好处,也关注问题——并引导问题在全球化的框架下得到妥善且现实的化解,做好解释工作,而不是让贸易保护主义去误导人们开历史的倒车。

  最后,关于全球化和美国的制造业前景,英国《金融时报》最近的一篇文章还提到了一个很有意思的民调。这个民调是由如今发表了汉德利文章的卡托研究所,在去年8月进行的。其中的一项调查显示,尽管有高达八成的美国人认为让更多美国人从事制造业对美国有好处,但只有二成的人愿意亲自去工厂打螺丝。

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