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  吴若瑾梁伟伟

  近日,热播剧《以美之名》展现了整形医美行业“手术刀下的真相”,医美乱象再度进入大众视野。近期多地频发的肉毒素中毒事件正是“美丽陷阱”的残酷写照,不少消费者为了快速瘦身、除皱而选择在生活美容馆、私人工作室等美容机构,注射来路不明的肉毒素,因此遭受到健康困扰,轻则面部僵硬,严重的甚至危及生命。美容机构有资格做医美项目吗?养生保健和中医诊疗是不是一回事儿?消费者到底该如何防范非法行医呢?

  医疗美容与生活美容的区别不光是“动刀”

  在电视剧《以美之名》中,新娘为了在婚礼上呈现完美状态而注射了劣质美容针,导致呼吸困难,被紧急送往医院救治。现实生活中,类似情况的受害者不在少数,“美容”变“毁容”、“要美”变“要命”等事件时有发生,暴露出医美行业“黑诊所”“黑医生”等违法违规问题。

  在一起非法行医案件中,被告人曹某、刘某没有医生执业资格,却在某高端美学馆中用从非正规渠道购得的气压枪、安瓿头、“360黄金溶脂”针剂实施溶脂注射操作,造成5名被害人全身皮肤软组织溃烂、感染。其中1名被害人的伤势经评定为医疗事故八级伤残,情节严重。法院经审理认为,该溶脂注射操作符合医疗美容侵入性、创伤性特征,属于非法医疗行为;曹某、刘某未取得医生执业资格,构成非法行医罪,最终被判有期徒刑。

  此类案件时有发生。2024年天津市和平区人民法院审结的一起非法行医案中,消费者小丽在医美时因体内注射玻尿酸致肺动脉栓塞而死亡,而主刀手术的陈某既没有取得执业医师资格,其医美工作室也没有医疗机构执业许可,陈某最终因犯非法行医罪被判处有期徒刑七年六个月,并处罚金。

  当前,注射类、激光类、皮肤护理等非手术类的“轻医美”项目以见效快、费用低、操作便捷的优势成为新的消费热点。为了谋取利益,部分医美机构贩卖容貌焦虑,将注射水光针、激光祛斑等非手术类医美项目宣传为高效无害的生活美容,蒙蔽消费者,使其误以为只有“动刀”的才是医美,而忽视“轻医美”背后的医疗风险。

  《医疗美容服务管理办法》第二条明确规定,医疗美容是指运用手术、药物、医疗器械以及其他具有创伤性或者侵入性的医学技术方法,对人的容貌和人体各部位形态进行的修复与再塑。常见的医疗美容包括双眼皮手术、吸脂、假体植入等;而生活美容则是指运用手法技术、器械设备并借助于美容护肤、化妆等用品,为消费者提供人体表面无创伤性、非侵入性的皮肤清洁、保养、化妆修饰等服务的经营性行为。常见的生活美容有修眉、洁面、美甲等。由此可见,生活美容和医疗美容的本质区别在于美容行为是否具有创伤性或侵入性。

  医疗美容服务属于医疗活动,需要有资质的医生在有资质的机构开展相关操作。按照相关规定,医疗美容服务实行主诊医师负责制,医疗美容项目必须由主诊医师负责或在其指导下实施。医疗美容机构需依法取得卫生健康行政部门发放的《医疗机构执业许可证》或者“诊所备案凭证”,主诊医师必须同时具备执业医师资格,从事相关临床学科工作经历(负责实施美容外科项目的应具有6年以上相关专业临床工作经历),经过医疗美容专业培训或进修并合格、或已从事医疗美容临床工作1年以上等条件。任何单位和个人,未取得《医疗机构执业许可证》并经登记机关核准开展医疗美容诊疗科目,不得开展医疗美容服务。

  近年来,在暴利的诱惑下,非法行医活动屡禁不止,并且呈现出场所隐蔽、流动性大等特点,涉及案件类型也从传统领域向新兴的医疗美容、辅助生殖等领域延伸。当下,还有不少机构借着“全民减肥”的热点,推出非法添加违禁成分的减肥药品或项目,鼓吹快速减肥,严重危害了消费者的生命健康。

  医美行业鱼龙混杂,消费者应选择正规机构和医生,使用有资质的合格产品,医疗机构及医卫人员资质均可在国家卫生健康委官方网站查询。同时,消费者应充分认识到医美服务的风险与危害,理性看待需求,审慎做出医美决策。

  警惕医美机构与网贷平台相勾结

  在电视剧《以美之名》中,一位住院医师为证明能力,向顾客谎称自己做过300台双眼皮手术,结果顾客对术后效果十分不满,随即向其发送了律师函。这样的案例并不鲜见。如今,个别美容机构通过夸大宣传、模糊医疗资质等方式诱导消费者购买高价医美服务,但做完相关项目后效果与宣传相差较大,甚至造成伤残。

  陈女士想改善双眼皮形状,在网上看到了某医美诊所的宣传信息,面诊后听从了工作人员的极力推荐,进行了修复内眼角、填充脂肪手术。术后,她发现双眼皮两侧增添新疤痕,睁眼困难、眼睛干涩疼痛,于是诉至法院。经司法鉴定,陈女士构成九级伤残,诊所的诊疗行为与其部分损害后果之间存在因果关系。法院审理后认为,诊所的诊疗行为存在过错,应承担80%的责任。另查,该美容诊所曾多次因广告语不真实,发布的广告服务内容等信息与实际情况不符被工商行政管理部门处罚,陈女士接受该诊所的医疗美容服务也是受到了上述广告内容的误导和影响。最终,法院认定诊所提供医疗美容服务时存在欺诈,判决赔偿陈女士三倍损失。

  我国消费者权益保护法第五十五条规定,经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的,应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失,增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或者接受服务的费用的三倍;增加赔偿的金额不足500元的,为500元。

  在医美消费过程中,很多消费者甚至在手术结束后都不了解推销人员属于哪家机构、提供手术方是谁、医疗材料是什么。在这种情况下,一旦手术出现问题,消费者维权面临困难。在此提醒广大爱美人士,选择医疗美容须认准“三证”,即医疗机构执业许可证、医师资格证、药品器械备案凭证。在手术操作前,需与机构明确服务内容与风险,建议消费者与机构签订合同,明确医美项目、使用产品、费用、效果承诺、违约责任等条款。手术完成后,注意留存相关材料,可要求机构提供病历、手术记录等,保存好合同、付款凭证、病历、术前术后照片、沟通记录等。在进行医疗美容前,消费者或家属应当对治疗的适应症、禁忌症、医疗风险和注意事项等认真了解,根据自身实际情况决定是否接受治疗。未成年人进行医疗美容时,应当由监护人签字同意。同时,要注意留存转账记录、对话截图等证据,遇纠纷可拨打12315举报投诉或通过法院诉讼维护自身合法权益。

  此外,医疗美容贷款也是医美消费的隐藏陷阱。在电视剧《以美之名》中,医美推销人员诱导经济状况困难的大学生通过贷款整容的情节,折射出当下医美机构与网贷平台相勾结的乱象。部分医美机构通过低价引流的手段,以“颜值信用卡”“零首付”“内部价”等话术弱化贷款风险,诱导消费者背负高额利率债务,落入“美容贷”陷阱。消费者需谨慎选择正规机构,审慎评估贷款风险,若已陷入纠纷,应当积极固定证据并寻求法律救济。

  养生机构无资质不能进行中医诊疗

  日常生活中,“针灸美容”“穴位埋线”等保健服务在一些养生会所、美容院中经常可见,推拿、按摩、理疗等养生服务也是人们的热门选择。实际上,一些不法分子常利用推拿、针灸的“口碑”,在未取得合法资质的情况下,擅自开展各种中医诊疗活动,不仅扰乱了医疗市场秩序,更对患者的生命健康安全构成了严重威胁。

  顾女士因身体不适在一家养生馆接受针灸治疗,数月后不仅没有缓解,还产生了其他不良症状,于是她诉至法院,要求养生馆返还针灸治疗费。当地卫生部门作出行政处罚决定书,认定该养生馆属非法行医。法院审理后认为,中医针灸属于诊疗行为,涉及不特定公众的生命健康权,该养生馆缺乏行医资质而从事中医针灸,侵害公共利益,属于非法行医行为,该医疗合同因违反法律强制性规定而无效。最终法院判决支持了顾女士的诉讼请求。

  根据《中医养生保健服务规范(试行)》,中医养生保健服务内容主要包括中医健康咨询指导、健康干预调理、健康教育等。提供中医养生保健服务的机构及其人员不得从事诊疗活动,包括使用针刺、瘢痕灸、发泡灸、牵引、扳法、中医微创类技术、中药灌洗肠,以及其他具有创伤性、侵入性或者危险性的技术方法等。提供中医养生保健服务的机构及其人员不得宣传治疗作用,不得以中医药预防、保健、养生、治未病、健康咨询等为名,或者假借中医药理论和术语开展虚假宣传,欺诈消费者,谋取不正当利益,广告不得使用医疗用语。根据国家中医药管理局《关于中医推拿按摩等活动管理中有关问题的通知》,以治疗疾病为目的,在疾病诊断的基础上,按照中医理论和诊疗规范等实施中医推拿、按摩、刮痧、拔罐等方法,属于医疗活动,必须在医疗机构内进行,非医疗机构不得开展。

  对于中医诊疗的规范,我国有一系列法律规定。中医诊疗机构应是持有《医疗机构执业许可证》或《中医诊所备案证》的合法医疗机构,诊疗人员应是具备《医师资格证》《医师执业证》或《中医(专长)医师资格证书》的中医师、中西医结合医师,否则会面临非法行医的风险。中医所有诊疗行为均应严格遵守《基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》《中医药法》以及《医疗机构管理条例》等法律法规。根据民法典第一百五十三条规定,违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定的民事法律行为无效。生命健康权是公民最基本的权利,诊疗行为面向公众不特定群体,更应该受到法律的严格监管,中医诊疗行为也不例外。违反上述法律不仅会面临停业、罚款等行政处罚,还有可能因为违反法律强制性规定而使合同无效继而引发不利后果。

  无论医美整容还是中医保健,消费者首先要选择去正规机构,查看诊疗人员的资格证书,不要因为宣传广告或他人评价而盲目选择。同时,也要提高自身防诈骗意识,警惕打着“养生理疗”旗号实施诈骗的骗局,守护好钱袋子。

  养生保健机构应当依法依规经营,严格依照规定程序提供服务。在提供服务前,应与消费者做好充分沟通,全面了解其身体情况,并在服务过程中做好安全保障义务。即使是为消费者提供免费体验,也应严格规范服务行为。养生机构及其从业人员若不具备相应资质而擅自行医,轻则追究行政责任,缴纳数额较大的罚款;重则追究刑事责任,构成非法行医罪。

  (作者单位:北京市昌平区人民法院)

  来源:北京日报 新闻结尾 萧湛祝长乐小说:让你重新定义成人娱乐,沉浸在无限魅力的视听盛宴中!的相关文章
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