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美国联邦法官于周四裁定,Alphabet(GOOG.US,GOOGL.US)旗下的谷歌在两个在线广告市场中滥用其市场主导地位,违反了美国的反垄断法规。这是继去年败诉搜索广告垄断案后,谷歌在反垄断战线上再次失利。

弗吉尼亚州联邦地方法院法官LeonieBrinkema表示,谷歌通过故意控制开放网络展示广告发布服务器市场和广告交易平台市场,形成并维持了对这两个领域的高度控制力。她指出,谷歌对客户施加限制性政策,让其他广告技术公司很难与其公平竞争,从而巩固了自己的垄断优势。

受这一消息影响,Alphabet股价在周四早盘一度下跌约1.5%,盘中跌幅一度超3%。谷歌方面目前尚未就此裁决公开回应。

不过,这次判决并非完全站在美国政府一边。法官认为,政府未能充分证明“开放网络展示广告主广告网络”是一个独立且有效的市场,因此这一项指控没有成立。

尽管如此,法院已要求谷歌与政府方面共同提交一套“补救方案”,以解决谷歌在广告市场中的不当行为。

这已经是谷歌在反垄断问题上遭遇的又一次重大挫败。早在去年8月,另一宗案件中,法官裁定谷歌通过与浏览器公司、智能手机制造商以及电信运营商签订独家协议,阻止用户接触其他搜索服务,从而维持其在搜索引擎和文字广告市场上的主导地位。

谷歌长期在全球在线广告技术领域占据领导地位,但随着监管风暴加剧,其商业模式正面临越来越多的法律挑战。这项新判决可能对谷歌的广告业务产生深远影响,也预示着美国政府在限制科技巨头市场势力方面的监管力度正在持续升级。

  随着金融机构年报陆续披露,多家金融租赁公司2024年成绩单也“浮出水面”。数据显示,2024年部分金融租赁公司表现亮眼,资产规模实现两位数同比增长,净利润同比增长超50%,但行业头部效应明显,梯度差异显著。

  剖析资产规模位居前列的金融租赁公司业务布局,可看到头部机构凭借在船舶租赁、国产大飞机租赁等领域的前瞻性布局,实现业绩高增。而受融资成本高企,以及资源与能力不足的掣肘,多数中小金融租赁公司难以切入船舶租赁、飞机租赁等资本和技术密集型业务领域。

  然而,中国证券报记者调研发现,有中小金融租赁公司打破资源壁垒,寻得差异化生存空间,例如紧扣政策导向,乘“风”而上,抢抓大规模设备更新战略机遇,聚焦小微企业设备租赁业务,努力提升小金额、大批量的零售化服务能力。

  ●本报记者张佳琳

  头部公司位次生变

  金融租赁行业头部机构排位发生了变化,坐上资产规模“头把交椅”的公司由2023年的国银金租变为2024年的交银金租。截至2024年末,交银金租、工银金租、国银金租分别以4436.00亿元、4174.61亿元、4058.50亿元的资产规模分列行业前三位。

  而在2023年末,排在行业资产规模前三位的分别是国银金租、交银金租、招银金租,资产规模分别为4096.95亿元、4046.64亿元、2907.94亿元,未见工银金租的身影。值得注意的是,2024年工银金租资产规模同比增长约50%。

  2024年,资产规模居首位的交银金租业绩表现亮眼:实现营业收入321.72亿元,同比增长9.69%;实现净利润43.67亿元,同比增长9.02%,呈现出资产规模与经营效益双增的态势。业内人士认为,这与该公司在航运金融、航空金融等领域持续发力有关。

  “目前,交银金租共有四大业务板块,分别是航运金融、航空金融、设备租赁以及金融市场业务。近年来,我们还积极培育以新基建租赁业务、新能源租赁业务等为代表的新赛道,进一步突出专业特色。”交银金租有关负责人告诉中国证券报记者。

  2024年,资产规模跃居第二位的工银金租在经营业绩方面实现大幅增长,全年实现净利润24.79亿元,同比增长超220%。谈及业绩迅猛发力的原因时,业内人士表示,这与工银金租依托母行的资金实力和全球化资源优势,在航空、航运以及能源电力等领域持续扩张有关。

  工银金租表示,该公司在航空板块高质量服务“双循环”新发展格局中取得成效。与中国商用飞机有限责任公司签署第三轮三年行动计划,交付首批4架C919国产大飞机,成为C919、C909融资支持双第一的租赁公司;充分发挥全球化经营优势,实现业务范围覆盖全球40多个国家和地区的优质航司客户。

  2024年资产规模下滑至第三位的国银金租,实现营业收入285.63亿元,同比增长7.2%;实现净利润45.03亿元,同比增长8.5%。国银金租表示,2024年租赁业务新增投放1024亿元。其中,在飞机租赁业务板块实现新增业务投放125亿元,持续优化机队结构,提升国际市场影响力。

  中小机构乘“风”而上

  纵观金融租赁行业,2024年呈现出梯度差异明显的情况。截至2024年末,除了交银金租、工银金租、国银金租、招银金租四家金融租赁公司资产规模超3000亿元之外,其他金融租赁公司的资产规模大多不足2000亿元,但其中不乏表现亮眼的机构。

  截至2024年末,建信金租资产规模为1821.50亿元,同比增长超20%。2024年建信金租实现净利润26.82亿元,同比增长超60%。截至2024年末,浦银金租资产规模为1534.24亿元,同比增长超17%。2024年浦银金租实现净利润13.2亿元,同比增长超14%。

  宁波银行旗下的永赢金租也在2024年实现业绩大幅增长。截至2024年末,永赢金租资产规模为1301亿元,同比增长超10%。2024年永赢金租实现净利润25.51亿元,同比增长超20%。

  “永赢金租重点围绕小微租赁、智能制造和公用事业三大领域开展业务。近年来小微租赁业务投放快速增长,带动公司租赁业务规模持续提升。公司小微租赁及智能制造板块投放余额占比超30%。”由中诚信国际出具的永赢金租2024年度跟踪评级报告分析称。

  资产规模与永赢金租相近的江苏金租业务同样具有零售特色。“公司坚持服务中小微企业的战略定位,扎根实体经济80多个细分产业,累计服务小微客户超30万家,合作设备厂商、经销商超4100家,投放设备超400万台套。”江苏金租相关负责人告诉记者。

  联合资信发布的《2024年金融租赁行业分析》报告称,受竞争加剧、监管趋严等因素影响,金融租赁行业由高速增长向稳健发展过渡,行业资产规模及业务规模增速放缓,行业发展格局出现分化,头部效应较为明显,同时金融租赁行业面临改革转型压力,业务结构逐步优化调整,直接租赁业务布局持续扩大。

  事实上,资产规模较大的金融租赁公司往往依托母行或母公司,具有资金实力较强、融资成本较低、信用信息较为完善、客户群体较多等优势,业务发展一般定位于航空、航运、大型设备制造等行业。

  而中小规模的金融租赁公司往往将业务定位于基础设施、医疗设备、新能源设备等领域。不少中小金融租赁公司乘“风”而上,积极响应大规模设备更新等政策,在助力中小微民营企业发展的同时,实现自身业务发展。

  打造差异化竞争力

  解析头部金融租赁公司业绩高增的密码,在航运领域及航空领域的业务布局无疑是关键要素。从支持国产飞机和船舶销售到支持国产飞机和船舶“走出去”,头部金融租赁公司已深度融入相关产业,成为国产大飞机与船舶产业生态里的重要成员。

  “船舶价值高,航运企业资金需求大,需要金融力量支持其绿色高质量发展。”交银金租董事长徐斌表示,交银金租通过研究船舶租赁租金费率与碳排放量相挂钩等各类绿色金融租赁产品,积极布局新型绿色船舶,大型LNG运输船及各类绿色动力运输船舶租赁业务发展较快。

  据徐斌介绍,2024年,交银金租为中远海运特运订造的总订单金额近40亿元的6艘7500车位LNG双燃料动力汽车船陆续开始交付,该项目是业内首单通过金融租赁公司整合中资航企、中资船厂等多方合作资源的方式,充分发挥了公司“融资+融物”的功能优势,实现了高端船舶制造与航运物流需求的精准对接。

  不少中小金融租赁公司则在发力普惠金融等领域,解决中小微企业设备更新资金紧张问题,打破与头部金融租赁公司之间的资源壁垒,凭借差异化竞争力实现自身业务发展。

  “设备用了快十年,毛病不断,眼看着好几个项目机会都要错过。”宿迁市沭阳县的个体经营者王宜双向记者坦言。他从2016年起进入工程机械行业,专注于道路与农田改造等小型工程,原先购置的挖掘机因年久失修,频繁出现故障,制约了施工进度和承接项目的能力。

  小微个体户普遍面临融资渠道有限、资金量少、融资难、融资贵等问题。2025年初,经由当地三一重能工程机械经销商牵线,王宜双与江苏金租建立合作关系,获得20余万元融资支持,顺利购置一台新型挖掘机,并迅速投入到沭阳县高标准农田建设工程中。

  王宜双表示,相比传统信贷方式,金融租赁公司的融资方式往往具有审批效率高、手续简便,贴合小微个体户灵活、分散的资金使用需求,有效解决了“有项目、没资金”的难题。据悉,这台新购置的挖掘机正在参与当地多个农田整合与基础设施配套项目,包括田块平整、灌溉系统优化、机耕道路铺设等工程。

  江苏金租工程机械事业部负责人衡恒表示,在现代农业基础设施建设的广阔市场中,小微施工户是不可或缺的一环。江苏金租深入农村基础设施建设一线,为更多农田建设主力军提供定制化、普惠化的金融服务。

  与此同时,记者注意到,各地监管部门正积极引导和推动辖内金融租赁公司主动融入地区建设,发挥特色功能。例如,天津金融监管局表示,依托天津绿色租赁标准试点、应用示范和天津市“科技—产业—金融”新循环试点优势,推动金融租赁公司创新产品,服务关键技术领域。

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