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又大又爽又黄无码A片小说:职场与欲望的最新揭秘
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  “近期美国继续加关税后,大部分出口商都选择暂停出货,来观望关税政策的变化。”广东高穗供应链有限公司经理李勇4月14日告诉21世纪经济报道记者。

  自今年美国宣布征收“对等关税”以来,影响逐渐传导至航运业,美线海运运费波动、订单减少是直接变化,而关税变化不确定性等问题也将为航运业格局带来长远影响。

  一些物流、海外仓行业从业者告诉21世纪经济报道记者,目前美线航运的多数货主持观望态度,进口商和出口商需要时间去谈判沟通新增加的关税如何分摊。目前物流企业在进行多元市场布局,拓展美线之外的多个运输线路以对冲风险。海外仓企业对市场未来持更乐观态度,长远看,全球化布局海外仓是趋势和机会。

  中国(深圳)综合开发研究院物流与供应链研究所所长王国文在接受21世纪经济报道记者采访时表示,加征关税一定会反映在贸易量的变化上,会对两国贸易带来直接影响,但关税政策到航运物流行业的传导机制需要一定的适应性过程,对货主而言,需要一段冷静的观察期,可能长达几个月。

  “从长远看,‘关税战’会带来中美贸易流的改变,也会对全球经济带来改变。以往因全球化分工造成的生产比较优势,不会因为短期关税政策调整带来大的变化,但关税政策会造成贸易流的短期适应性变化,例如中美正常贸易会更多中转到第三地完成,从而增加中国和其他区域物流运输。多元布局是应对关税和贸易不稳定性的有效应对方法。”王国文说。

图片来源:新华社

  美线货量下探

  根据上海航运交易所4月12日发布的报告,短期看,美国“对等关税”已经开始对中美航线运输市场产生了一定的影响。4月11日这一周,部分货物取消了出运计划,即期市场订舱明显减少,价格小幅调整。4月11日,上海港出口至美西和美东基本港市场运价(海运及海运附加费)分别较上期下跌4.8%、2.4%。

  据央视新闻报道,4月16日,外交部发言人林剑主持例行记者会。有记者提问,美国白宫在官网的最新声明表示,由于中国采取报复性措施,美对华关税加征至245%,中方有何回应?林剑表示,具体税率的数字,你可以问问美方。

  美国一边加征关税,一边又豁免部分关税。据新华社消息,美国海关与边境保护局11日晚宣布,联邦政府已同意对智能手机、电脑、芯片等电子产品免除所谓“对等关税”。

  一些受访的货代公司表示,3—4月一般是出货淡季,当前有货主暂停出货的情况,也有些货继续装船、抢运,但更多的货主持观望态度。

  从海运情况看,由于本身运输周期比较长,出货量比较平稳,面对关税变化冲击,海运仍有一定惯性,部分货主宁愿冒一些风险,也想要维持贸易流,减少对上下游供应商和客户关系的损害。

  不过,也有物流企业反馈,近期海运方面,运往美国市场的一般贸易货物急剧下滑。

  李勇对关税战影响物流行业的情况有直观感受,“4月14日这周开始,空运到美国的一般贸易普货量减少90%,电商小包裹暂时未受影响。”

  李勇表示,飞机运力方面,预计美线航司会减少50%的货机航班。对于做头程空运货代公司来说,如果航司航班减少,同时货量减少的情况下,空运价格还要观望。

  此外,据新华社报道,中国轻工业联合会发布声明称,美国政府宣布将于5月2日终止对来自中国大陆和中国香港800美元以下小额包裹的免税政策。美国这一行为,粗暴破坏了中美正常贸易秩序,严重影响了全球产业合作,极大损害了包括美国人民在内的消费者权益。

  “空运的时效性非常强,特别是电商小包裹,在800美元免税取消的情况下,未来空运的货量和渠道会发生一定改变,例如走集配、做海外仓。”王国文分析。

  乐歌海外仓招商经理许越在接受21世纪经济报道记者采访时表示,美国加征关税对于海外仓的直接影响不大,对于跨境客户影响比较大,关税的不确定性对备货会造成一定的影响,目前还没有产生货物滞留、库存积压等问题,反而是较早之前备的货物反而可以售卖一段时间,现在需要做的就是关注关税政策变化。

  中美之间的贸易流已经形成,货主做怎样的反应,短期内是否会直接反映在货物发运变化,还需要后续持续观察。

  “美国加征关税的不确定性变化非常大,此前对部分国家‘对等关税’豁免90天,近期又豁免部分品类,因此,对货主而言,需要有一段冷静的观察期,可能长达几个月,保持以不变应万变的心态。”王国文建议。

  王国文分析,美国很多消费需求也是刚性的,例如电子产品、家用电器、纺织服装、玩具、食品等,这些刚需会带来贸易流,在美国对全球加关税情况下,美国家庭消费仍要进行,未来如何承担这些上涨的消费成本,消费者愿不愿意买单,下一步仍要继续观察。

  拓展多元市场应对风险

  今年一季度,我国货物贸易进出口10.3万亿元,同比增长1.3%,进出口规模创历史同期新高。同期,我国主要港口集装箱吞吐量增长明显,例如山东港口集装箱吞吐量同比增长超7%,广州港集装箱吞吐量同比增长7.02%。

  王国文认为,从目前数据看,我国港口对美发货还没有断崖式下降,已经装船的货物还在继续发货,从微观看,此前外贸企业“抢出口”,备货补仓、提前发运、海外仓暂避等都是一些应变方式。

  对于关税不确定性下航运物流行业的整体走势,市场参与方如何看?

  招商轮船此前在投资者平台回应称,目前关税影响的走向存在不确定性,但是无论是油轮、干散货还是集装箱或其他航运,只要世界上还有贸易还需要贸易,航运均是刚需,海运一直是成本最低的大宗商品运输手段。

  马士基集团向21世纪经济报道记者表示,伴随着频繁的变化,集团觉得预测这一事件会如何发展还为时尚早。

  马士基首席商务官KarstenKildahl表示,现在有许多客户采取“观望”策略,在保持货物流转的同时,基于各种可能情况论证不同解决方案,尽量降低对自身的影响。不确定性仍然是主要挑战。在情况明朗之前,预计客户会更为谨慎地保持合理的库存水平,并想方设法为供应链增添更多的灵活性。

  KarstenKildahl称,客户关心的话题还集中在挖掘新的机会上——即利用灵活的物流产品来加快或减缓货物运输速度,以及将货物转运到其他市场,例如保税仓储、延迟运输,为仓库中已配送的货物换标等。

  王国文表示,供应链追求的是总成本最低,既包括生产成本,也包括物流成本也就是运费和运输时间,如果因为关税带来交易成本也就是商品价格的变化,贸易双方就会通过物流的路径和时间选择对冲价格反应,也会带来供应链总成本的进一步优化。

  “最终决定贸易流向的是供应链总成本的优化和配置,发货人和承运人需要更加灵活的线路设置和考量,一些品类快速运输,一些品类可以迂回运输,对供应链弹性和韧性的要求更高。”王国文说。

  李勇也认同多元化布局的重要性,“虽然美国市场不稳定会对公司业绩造成影响,但是我们公司物流产品本身比较健全,除美国以外的国家和地区,公司早已实行了多元化的布局,物流产品覆盖全球大部分海运港口和大部分空运机场。”

  广州一家汽车物流运输企业相关负责人表示,企业最早出口美国市场的汽车占比也不到20%,由于对美贸易的不确定性,2020年左右企业就停止了二手车出口美国的业务,近几个月已经停止出口美国西海岸、东海岸的一手汽车业务。

  “整体看,对美出口汽车业务量占比也不大,受影响有限。目前,我们主要做东南亚、欧洲等市场的汽车出口,和对美业务是分开的市场,暂时不太受美国此次加征关税的影响。”上述汽车物流运输企业相关负责人表示。

  国内的外贸企业和物流企业正在寻求多方降成本,同时和进口商进一步协商。

  “虽然关税带来了很多不确定性,但是部分企业还是会选择正常发货,为了保住店铺和链接。海外仓企业会通过价格再谈判,和快递公司进行磋商,进一步降低成本。”许越说。

  海外仓企业对未来保持了一定的信心。许越表示,虽然关税政策多变,对于一些企业来说,反而是个机会。乐歌海外仓除了美国市场,也开设英国、德国、加拿大海外仓,客户也可以多个国家布局,提高自身的抗风险能力。

  王国文认为,多元布局是应对关税和贸易不稳定性的有效应对方法。供应链的韧性和弹性就是在某些阻断情况下,企业有更好更快的选项,做更多的准备。因此,对生产、物流等各类企业而言,加快海外仓的布局是重要一步,从这个角度看,这一轮“关税战”未来会造成全球化进一步发展。

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