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近日,一辆开启NOA智能辅助驾驶的小米SU7在德上高速公路池祁段行驶过程中发生严重交通事故,导致3人不幸身亡,引发社会各界的广泛关注。

如同任何新兴技术在发展过程中都会面临挑战一样,智能驾驶在狂飙突进的过程中,安全问题备受关注。

在“人机共驾”模式下,事故责任认定难题,给保险业提出了哪些新要求?在政府部门、汽车制造商以及保险公司等多方合力探索下,智能驾驶专属保险如何找到适配的发展路径?《金融时报》记者对此进行了采访。

传统车险难以适配“人机共驾”

根据小米公布的信息,上述车辆的事发路段因施工修缮,用路障封闭自车道、改道至逆向车道。车辆检测出障碍物后,发出提醒并开始减速。此后,驾驶员接管车辆进入人驾状态,持续减速并操控车辆转向。随后,车辆与隔离带水泥桩发生碰撞。

由于事故发生前车辆处于智能辅助驾驶状态,引发了业界对于“人机共驾”模式下事故责任认定相关问题的思考。

传统车险是以驾驶员过错为核心进行责任判定。而智能驾驶车辆一旦发生事故,往往需要调取和分析车辆行驶数据、系统日志以及算法决策过程,来厘清事故究竟是人为驾驶不当还是系统功能失效所致。这意味着,在智能驾驶模式下,保险赔付问题变得更为复杂。

事实上,汽车厂商营销的“智能驾驶”与消费者理解的智能驾驶存在一定偏差。

为规范汽车驾驶自动化技术的发展与应用,我国在2022年实施了《汽车驾驶自动化分级》标准。该标准将驾驶自动化分为6级。L0级至L2级为驾驶辅助,驾驶员需全程监控驾驶;L3级是有条件自动驾驶,驾驶员在紧急情况下执行接管;L4级为高度自动驾驶;L5级为完全自动驾驶。

目前,我国市售车辆提供的智能辅助驾驶功能,最多只属于L2级,也就是需要驾驶员全程监控驾驶。针对小米SU7高速事故,应急管理部表示,“随着智能辅助驾驶功能成为不少新能源车辆的‘标配’,很多驾驶员对此产生依赖性,甚至错误地将其视为‘无人驾驶’。智驾仅是辅助工具,路况瞬息万变,系统无法完全替代人类判断。智驾不等于自驾,驾驶安全要紧握在自己手中。”

即使在L3及更高阶的智能驾驶汽车中,责任划分也涉及车主、智能驾驶系统提供方、算法供应商、硬件设备供应商以及整车厂商等多方。一旦发生事故,究竟由哪方承担责任、如何理赔,更为复杂且模糊。

消费者安全诉求催生“智驾险”

一份调查数据显示,82%的用户认为,新能源车的安全性非常重要。从智驾汽车的风险类别来看,79%的用户担心“系统失灵的风险”,53%的用户担心“驾驶过程中的人机决策冲突”。

一位新能源车消费者对记者表示,“像自动泊车、自适应巡航这些功能听起来确实很方便,但我还是担心智驾功能的安全问题。就怕万一系统突然失灵,我根本来不及反应。希望车企进一步完善技术,多做一些极端情况下的测试。”

还有消费者表示,“希望保险能为智能驾驶车辆提供更为全面的保障服务”。

对于消费者的担忧,推出“智驾险”成为当前不少车企的应对之策。据不完全统计,已有极越汽车、赛力斯、鸿蒙智行、阿维塔、小米汽车等多家车企先后推出类似服务。

今年2月,市场便传出小鹏汽车基于其长期积累的智能驾驶技术与用户数据,将联合头部保险机构推出定制化智驾保险产品的消息。紧接着,2月24日,阿维塔推出“智行智驾无忧”服务权益,当车辆在智能泊车辅助(APA)、遥控泊车辅助(RPA)、代客泊车辅助(AVP)、车道巡航辅助(LCC)、智驾领航辅助(NCA)期间发生事故,最高保障额度达600万元。3月4日,小米汽车表示,为了保障用户无忧使用小米智驾功能,小米汽车将联合行业头部保险机构推出“小米智驾保障服务”,计划为用户提供最高300万元的保障金额。

记者注意到,多数“智驾险”并非严格意义上的保险,而是一种服务权益。此类产品以车主已购买交强险和商业车险为前提,在此基础上对智能驾驶场景进行补充保障。

比如,鸿蒙智行在为旗下车型提供的“智驾无忧”服务权益的同时提醒车主,相关服务权益并不能取代机动车交通事故责任强制保险与各类新能源汽车商业保险。权益生效并享权时,车辆须投保机动车交通事故责任强制保险及新能源汽车商业保险(其中车损险要求全额投保)。且在本权益有效期内,上述保险不得脱保或退保。

北京社科院副研究员王鹏对记者表示,智驾险是智能驾驶技术发展的必然产物。当前车企推出的“智驾险”,可以为车主在使用智能驾驶功能时提供一定程度的经济保障,增强消费者对智能驾驶技术的信任感,促进智能驾驶技术的推广和应用。

然而,由于现行法律尚未明确界定智能驾驶的各方责任,保险产品依然无法解决“人机分责”这一复杂问题。“在智驾场景下,人机定责难,可能导致理赔纠纷。同时,数据监管与立法尚不健全、智能驾驶数据的真实性与透明度都会影响事故责任划分和理赔公正性。”王鹏认为,长远来看,需要进一步完善相关机制和配套措施。

多方协同探索发展之路

当前,我国智能驾驶商业化落地已推进至2.0“商业化试点阶段”,继续向前发展,离不开配套服务的完善与支撑,完善的专属保险方案无疑是关键一环,政府部门、车企、险企等多方协同合作也是必然趋势。

今年1月,金融监管总局等四部门联合发布《关于深化改革加强监管促进新能源车险高质量发展的指导意见》提出,要主动顺应智能驾驶趋势。统筹保险行业力量,全面系统研究智能驾驶、车型快速迭代等对车险经营的中长期影响,及早谋划转型发展。

在小鹏汽车董事长何小鹏看来,驾驶主体正在经历由“人”向“自动驾驶系统”的转换,保险公司面临精算模型重构、风险评估难度增加和费率制定困难等一系列问题。他建议,出台针对智能驾驶保险的具体指引、技术标准等部门规章和行业标准,从而规范智能驾驶保险业务的发展。鼓励车企与保险公司联合开发适配产品,通过紧密合作和数据共享,把智能驾驶保险和车险结合起来,切实消除用户的后顾之忧,从而进一步释放市场需求。

“保险公司应主动顺应智能驾驶趋势,加强与车企、科技公司的合作,共同进行保险产品创新。例如,开发基于辅助驾驶系统的相关保险产品,如智能组件责任险等。”王鹏认为,当前,险企应加强数据积累和应用,利用大数据、人工智能等技术手段提高风险识别和定价能力,而车企应为险企提供必要的技术支持和数据共享。

《中国智能驾驶商业化发展白皮书(2025)》建议,推动车企、保险行业、通信技术服务商、第三方鉴定机构等多方协商共建智能驾驶汽车的事前、事中、事后数据标准,建立数据共享平台,实现数据的真实获取与快速共享。

从中长期看,应探索推出智能驾驶车险专属产品。一是围绕L2+级自动驾驶扩展车险责任或新增附加险,覆盖辅助驾驶/智能驾驶功能、算法服务、网络安全等相关风险,并为车企、供应商等新增风险责任主体提供风险保障。二是加快L3级及以上级别自动驾驶车辆保险的产品研究,聚焦现有产品不适配及保险责任判定难等问题,规范统一测试车适用产品,开发专属示范条款,为未来L3级以及“车路云一体化”落地运用做好产品准备。

险企开足马力提早布局

可以肯定的是,随着人工智能算法的快速迭代与产业链的不断成熟,智能驾驶技术已展现出革命性潜力。

美国公路安全保险协会的研究显示,L2+级自动驾驶可以降低事故率40%。再看实际数据,自投入使用以来,百度无人出租车项目萝卜快跑出险率仅为人类驾驶员的十四分之一。

智能驾驶技术正在成为改善交通安全的重要突破口。随着高阶智能驾驶技术的完善成熟和全面推广普及,预计可以大幅降低我国交通事故的发生率,从而减少人员伤亡和社会经济损失。面对智能驾驶保险的巨大市场潜力与社会效益,各大保险公司纷纷开足马力提早布局。

“智能驾驶是潜在的车险增量市场,中国人保已经和一些头部企业展开合作。目前来看,赔付率还可以。”中国人保副总裁、人保财险总裁于泽透露,经过和某些国内自主品牌共同验证,使用智驾后出险率有小幅下降。

于泽称,在产品储备方面,人保财险正在开发L3级及以上的智能网联汽车专属车险产品,提前布局未来智能驾驶技术升级所带来的新型保险风险以及保险需求;在理赔方面,人保财险配合中国保险行业协会,与中国汽研、中国银保信共同制定《智能网联汽车交通事故保险赔偿判定技术规范》,为未来智能网联汽车事故定责提供行业标准。

中国太保产险总经理陈辉表示,“在新能源车的智能驾驶方面,市场有更多的保障需求。公司已经与多家车企建立了相关的应用实验室,也将进一步充实人才,为新能源车的发展贡献力量。”

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