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  以政策效力激发更大推动力(评论员观察)

  ——进一步巩固经济持续回升向好基础②

  今年以来,我国经济运行起步平稳、开局良好,是方方面面团结奋斗、实干苦干的结果,是强信心、稳预期的结果,也是各项工作持续加力、各项政策更加给力的结果

  当前,我国宏观经济治理体系进一步健全,政策工具箱储备充足,宏观调控的前瞻性、针对性、有效性持续提升,能为经济增长提供有力支撑

  “这是历史性的一刻”。2025年4月19日,全球首场人形机器人半程马拉松比赛在北京亦庄成功举行。大长腿、步伐快的“天工Ultra”机器人,个头小、步伐稳的“小顽童”机器人,均赢得现场观众和线上网友的喝彩。

  具身智能从愿景走向实景,与政策支持紧密相关。以北京为例,不仅成立国家地方共建具身智能机器人创新中心,而且出台具身智能科技创新与产业培育行动计划,在海淀、亦庄等地全力打造具身智能创新高地、产业新城,以精准政策推动产学研深度融合,培育壮大具身智能产业。

  无论是抓发展还是促创新,无论是扩大消费还是增进民生福祉,都需要发挥政策引领作用,强化政策组合效应。今年以来,我国经济运行起步平稳、开局良好,是方方面面团结奋斗、实干苦干的结果,是强信心、稳预期的结果,也是各项工作持续加力、各项政策更加给力的结果。

  习近平总书记强调:“经济体量大,向前发展就需要更大的推动力。”“推动力”来自哪里?来自科技创新的动力牵引,来自经营主体的活力释放,来自庞大市场的内需驱动……这些“推动力”的强度,都与政策效力密不可分。

  从创新动力看,今年一季度,我国高技术产业销售收入同比增长13.4%,新能源车制造业销售收入同比增长18.6%,装备制造业销售收入同比增长9.7%。国产大模型享誉全球、低空经济逐步起飞、具身智能崭露头角、新能源汽车延续高增长态势,这些热门产业逐渐成为推动经济社会发展的新引擎,依托的不仅是技术突破和市场推动,背后也有产业政策的助力和有为政府的悉心呵护。

  从企业活力看,据中国中小企业协会网站消息,2025年一季度中小企业发展指数为89.5,较去年四季度上升0.5点,企业开工率、订单、销售等指标稳步好转。2月份召开的民营企业座谈会强调党和国家对民营经济发展的基本方针政策“将一以贯之坚持和落实”,各地方各部门扎扎实实落实促进民营经济发展的政策措施,让民营经济人士备受鼓舞,推动民营企业生产经营状况持续改善。

  从扩大内需看,在消费品以旧换新政策拉动下,今年一季度,限额以上单位通讯器材类和文化办公用品类的商品零售额同比增长均超20%,家用电器和音像器材类、家具类的商品零售额同比增长均接近20%,仅这几项就带动社会消费品零售总额增长1.4个百分点。“两新”“两重”政策扩围,《提振消费专项行动方案》发布,支持推动房地产市场止跌回稳……抓住有效需求不足这个突出矛盾,强化政策供给和政策引导,对内需形成了有效拉动。

  由此可见,宏观政策持续加力、更加给力,是经济运行延续回升向好态势的重要保障。当前,我国宏观经济治理体系进一步健全,政策工具箱储备充足,宏观调控的前瞻性、针对性、有效性持续提升,能为经济增长提供有力支撑。从一季度预览全年,靠前发力推动既定政策尽快落地见效,根据形势需要及时推出新的增量政策,新旧部署紧密衔接,打出政策“组合拳”,一定能不断增强经济韧性与可靠性,推动我国经济稳中向好、持续向好。

  加强预期引导,促进信心提振,既要看政策供给,也要看政策落实。特别是各项支持性政策,只有精准聚焦关键领域,精细灌溉重点事项,坚决防范“跑冒滴漏”,才能充分激发各类经营主体活力、增强广大消费者信心,最大程度发挥出政策效力。抓政策落实,也需要抓好为企业纾困减负政策的落实,着力规范涉企执法行为,进一步解决账款拖欠、融资难融资贵等问题,实打实帮助企业解决发展中的困难。

  当前,关税等外部冲击对我国经济平稳运行造成一定压力,但我国做好了应对各种不确定因素的准备。实施好更加积极有为的宏观政策,以改善民生为切入点促进国内消费回升,以供给侧结构性改革为抓手激发经济内生活力,中国经济航船谁也阻挡不住,必将行稳致远。(人民日报李斌)

  随着我国进入高质量发展阶段,经济社会发展越发呈现为一个多维多元的复杂系统。宏观层面,依靠某一种政策“单打独斗”已难以实现发展目标;微观层面,某一项具体措施的落地见效也需要一系列配套细则在执行上相互配合、补台。中央经济工作会议将“打好政策‘组合拳’”作为提高宏观调控前瞻性、针对性、有效性的一项关键举措,要求“把经济政策和非经济性政策统一纳入宏观政策取向一致性评估,统筹政策制定和执行全过程,提高政策整体效能”。这反映出坚持系统观念加强宏观经济治理的思路。

  这几年,我国一再强调强化政策统筹,确保各项政策同向发力、形成合力,就是因为在经济实践中经常出现“头痛医头、脚痛医脚”的现象,一些政策存在碎片化、条块化问题。或者同一领域“政出多门”,缺乏统筹;或者存量政策和增量政策衔接不畅,缺乏协调;或者缺少对政策效果和社会预期等方面的一致性评估,造成不同政策相互掣肘、效力相互抵消。越是面对复杂局面,就越要重视促进政策形成组合效应,打好“组合拳”,增强宏观政策实施效能。

  第一,这有助于从横向上打破部门壁垒,实现政策工具的深度耦合。就宏观调控而言,财政、货币、就业、产业、区域、贸易、环保、监管等不同政策有不同目标和侧重点,如果政策间缺乏沟通协调,政策效果就难以彰显。例如,产业政策鼓励创新和转型,如果环保、监管等政策调整相对滞后,一些新兴产业就难以顺利得到关键要素支撑,具体项目现有的增量指标难以满足能耗指标需求。又如,现有部分行业企业在数字化转型初期面临投入压力,如果缺乏对转型成果的市场化评价机制,金融机构就难以准确评估企业数字化转型的风险与收益,也就难以提供充分的信贷支持。

  打好政策“组合拳”,才能产生“1+1>2”的叠加效应,推动宏观调控逐步走向更高层次的协同治理。需统筹谋划经济工作,加强宏观政策和微观政策、财政政策和货币政策、经济政策和非经济性政策等的协调配合。明确各类政策之间的作用边界和衔接方式,一旦确定了整体发展战略或重大项目布局,就要相应地匹配产业扶持、环境保护、金融支持、要素配置、监管创新等后续政策,并对可能产生的问题提前进行评估和预案设计,避免在政策目标或执行细节上产生明显矛盾。同时要重视非经济性政策通过影响生产要素供给、营商环境等对经济运行产生的各种影响,把经济政策和非经济性政策统一纳入宏观政策取向一致性评估,各方面都要积极推出有利于稳增长、稳预期的政策,慎重出台有收缩和抑制效应的政策。

  第二,这有助于从时序上平衡短期效果与长期效益,避免顾此失彼。短期政策通常针对当下矛盾或紧迫需求,关注对局部问题的迅速缓解。例如,经济下行压力较大时,会通过减税降费、降低利率水平、提高市场流动性等方式刺激需求,稳定就业和市场预期。此类政策的特征在于见效快,能够及时释放积极信号或提供直接支持。长期政策则更多关注产业升级、科技创新、环境保护等深层次目标,强调系统性和前瞻性,力争为提升国家竞争力和经济社会可持续发展打下坚实基础。若只靠短期刺激,容易造成资源聚集于落后或低效领域,损害未来发展潜力;反之,若一味强调长期的结构转型,却对当前企业生存、市场信心、民生保障关注不足,则容易错失机遇甚至引发更多问题。

  打好政策“组合拳”,才能做到短期发力有准星、长期目标有定力。在出台短期政策的同时,需明确其与长期发展目标的衔接方式,实施阶段性减税降费或大规模基础设施建设投资等需要提前考虑这些举措对产业结构、要素配置和环境资源的中长期影响。要加强短期政策与长期政策的衔接,例如,短期财政补贴与长期产业升级并不冲突,但需在补贴的标准、时限、范围等方面做好制度设计,避免企业对补贴形成过度依赖,并与长远的技术升级、绿色转型结合起来,形成有效的激励闭环。还要注重资源合理分配与要素优化配置,短期刺激也需为新兴产业发展预留足够的创新空间和资源配置渠道,持续深化要素市场化配置改革和财政体制改革,引导资金、人才等关键要素向具有高成长性和竞争力的领域流动。

  第三,这有助于从纵向上贯通“战略规划—政策设计—基层执行”全链条,减少政策传导损耗。政策的有效性不仅取决于制定环节的科学性,还有赖于设计与执行的全链条贯通。从顶层设计到基层落实,政策传导涉及战略规划、工具设计、资源调配、效果反馈等多个动态环节。实践中,常因“最初一公里”与“最后一公里”的衔接不畅使政策效能大打折扣。在前端,若缺乏对基层实际需求的深度调研,就容易出现“一刀切”,难以满足不同地区的多样化需求。在末端,若部分地区行政能力不足,缺乏人员、技术和资金支持,政策落地效果也往往不尽如人意,特别是政策执行中跟踪监督机制不健全,可能导致“选择性落实”,从而进一步削弱政策效果。

  打好政策“组合拳”,才能在政策传导过程中保证政策内在逻辑的一致和执行要求的清晰明确。在政策制定阶段,应强化多部门联动和实地调研,广泛听取基层诉求和建议,从而在政策设计之初就兼顾差异化的路径,为后续执行环节预留灵活空间。在政策执行阶段,应充分考虑基层政府的行政能力差异,适时提供人员培训、技术支持和资金补贴。在政策监督环节,应建立持续的政策效果追踪和反馈监测相关机制,特别是针对重点项目和重点地区实施精准化监督,确保政策目标不偏不倚地实现。

  (作者王海成系北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院副教授来源:经济日报)

  广西凭祥4月24日电(刘宇昕)广西友谊关出入境边防检查站(下称友谊关边检站)23日介绍,截至4月22日,今年广西凭祥各口岸通道出入境人员总数已突破100万人次,同比增长22.2%,打破当地近六年来出入境人员突破100万人次最快记录。

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