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  推进立法强化监管提升技术

  我国加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系

  核心阅读

  作为反映美丽中国“颜值”的“镜子”,生态环境监测的重要性不言而喻。生态环境部正在从制度、管理、技术、队伍等方面发力,加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系。

  □本报记者张维

  作为反映美丽中国“颜值”的“镜子”,生态环境监测的重要性不言而喻。

  如生态环境部生态环境监测司司长蒋火华所说:“美丽中国美不美、美在哪,既要靠人民群众对蓝天、碧水、净土、青山等的主观感受来评判,也要靠科学、客观、可比的监测数据来表征和衡量。”

  据了解,生态环境部正在从制度、管理、技术、队伍等方面发力,加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系。就制度方面而言,此前向社会公开征求意见的《生态环境监测条例(草案征求意见稿)》(以下简称《草案征求意见稿》)已收到反馈意见近400条。生态环境部将积极配合司法部做好立法调研、论证等工作,力争推动条例早日面世。

  建成全球规模最大监测网络

  在今年全国两会“部长通道”上,生态环境部部长黄润秋用“下30”“跨90”高度概括了2024年生态环境质量的新改善。

  蓝天越来越多,全国地级及以上城市平均优良天数比例为87.2%,同比上升1.7个百分点;PM2.5浓度“下30”,达到29.3微克/立方米;PM10浓度首次“下50”,达到49微克/立方米。十年间,京津冀及周边、长三角、汾渭平原三大区域PM2.5浓度分别下降了47.3%、39.0%和25.1%。

  河湖越来越清,地表水水质优良断面比例首次“跨90”,达到90.4%。

  家园越来越安宁,地级及以上城市声环境功能区夜间达标率为88.2%,同比上升1.2个百分点。

  生态越来越优美,生态质量为二类,生物多样性较丰富、生态结构较完整、生态功能较完善,万里河山更加多姿多彩。“出门见绿”“推窗即景”成为越来越多人的生活日常。

  同时,当前生态环境质量改善成效还不够稳固,重污染天气过程还时有发生,一些河湖汛期污染问题依然严重,局部地区土壤和地下水污染较为突出,一些地方仍有噪声超标扰民现象。污染防治攻坚任重道远。

  这些成绩与不足,正是生态环境监测数据所告诉我们的。

  据蒋火华介绍,生态环境部会同有关部门,建成覆盖大气、地表水、地下水、土壤、噪声、海洋、生态等要素,布局合理、功能完善、全球规模最大的生态环境质量监测网络,能够以真实、准确、全面的监测数据,客观反映美丽蓝天、美丽河湖、美丽海湾、美丽山川建设成效,“数”说各美其美、美美与共的美丽中国新画卷。

  全国生态环境保护大会提出,要加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系。生态环境部专门印发《关于加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系的实施意见》,将现代化生态环境监测体系建设的蓝图转化为任务书、路线图、时间表,一步一个脚印扎实推进。

  推进监测技术装备数智化转型

  现代化生态环境监测体系建设是一项系统工程,需要从多个方面全方位发力。

  技术方面的突破近来颇为耀眼。近日,云南省生态环境厅生态环境执法局新引入的智能“执法助手”上岗,可借助重点污染源自动监测系统与无人机巡检技术并肩作战,替代人员进入生态保护区等敏感区域进行环境监测,减少对生态环境的干扰。

  无独有偶,在近日举办的陕西省辐射事故综合应急演习现场,仿生四足机器狗一举成为耀眼“明星”。据了解,在日常监测中对于需要进行监测的辐射工作场所或者生产厂区,机器狗可变身“巡逻犬”,按照预定监测路线进行巡测,实时监测环境中辐射剂量水平,减少人员少测漏测的可能,实现高效准确的自动化巡测。

  此外,在去年举办的第三届监测技术大比武比赛现场,一架架无人机空中竞技、一辆辆应急监测车整装待发、一台台便携式监测仪器高效运行,集中展示了近些年监测科技赋能、数智转型的崭新面貌。观众纷纷表示,现在翻天覆地、耳目一新的监测技术让他们为之震撼。

  这与顶层设计不无相关。2022年2月,生态环境部印发了《生态环境智慧监测创新应用试点工作方案》,积极探索人工智能在监测领域的应用。2023年以来,生态环境部全力谋划推进监测技术装备的数智化转型。

  近日发布的不止一个顶层设计文件与此相关。例如,生态环境部印发了《国家生态环境监测网络数智化转型方案》,这是推进监测数智化转型的顶层设计,也标志着监测数智化转型迈出实质性步伐。再如,生态环境部联合工业和信息化部、国家市场监督管理总局印发《关于促进环保装备制造业高质量发展的若干意见》,提出围绕环境监测等领域研发一批环保机器人、远程运维装备,加快虚拟现实、数字孪生等先进技术推广应用。

  中国环境监测总站党委书记、站长张大伟认为,随着污染防治攻坚和美丽中国建设的纵深推进,生态环境治理对监测网络技术创新、成果转化效能,以及监测数据精准性、全面性、时效性提出了更高要求。数智化转型要以生态环境治理需求为牵引,构建“精准治污靶向管控、科学治污模型支撑、依法治污数据存证”的技术框架,推动人工智能、大数据、云计算等数字技术与监测业务的多模态融合。通过重构“感知—传输—分析—决策”业务流程,实现提高运行效率、增强生产效能、防范质量风险等目标,为生态环境治理提供更加科学化、定量化的决策依据,有力支撑“美丽中国先行区”分阶段试点。

  “我们将积极推进新技术在生态环境监测中的应用,以更加智慧的监测‘大脑’守护好祖国的绿水青山。”蒋火华表示。

  加快出台生态环境监测条例

  有了技术加持,作为监测工作“生命线”的数据质量显然将更有保障。

  保障数据质量,是生态环境监测永恒的话题,只有进行时,没有完成时。“一条虚假的数据,比没有数据更可怕!”蒋火华说,如果没有数据,决策部门还可以通过其他信息辅助开展管理决策。而如果采用了虚假数据,则一定会误导决策。

  防范惩治监测数据弄虚作假行为,离不开法治的力量。

  2024年,河南某排污单位在污染物不能达标排放的情况下,通过垫高激光发射器、破坏采样管路的方式,造成自动监测数据严重失真,掩盖大气污染物超标排放的事实。依据《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》第九十九条规定,该单位被罚款59.68万元。

  同样在2024年,陕西某公司以“包合格”承揽环境监测业务,出具虚假报告222份,获利76万余元,陕西法院以提供虚假证明文件罪对该公司和责任人员定罪判刑,并发出司法建议促推治理。

  据了解,自2022年起,生态环境部联合最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、市场监管总局开展第三方环保服务机构弄虚作假问题专项整治。生态环境部将继续联合有关单位,持之以恒严厉打击弄虚作假行为,以高压震慑加快实现“不敢假”。

  在强监管之外,生态环境部还将全力推进生态环境监测条例出台,依法压实排污单位、第三方监测机构等各自法律责任,让法律“长出牙齿”。

  目前,关于生态环境监测的法律规定,零散分布在环境保护法、海洋环境保护法,以及水、大气、土壤、固体废物、噪声污染防治法等一系列生态环境法律法规中,但不够全面、不够系统、不够集成,难以充分保障监测管理依法行政、监测工作依法开展,也难以有效应对当前生态环境监测面临的一系列困境和问题。《草案征求意见稿》着眼加强生态环境监测管理,规范生态环境监测活动,保障生态环境监测数据质量,就生态环境质量监测、污染源监测、监测数据质量保障、监督管理、法律责任等内容进行规范。尤其对提高监测数据质量,严厉打击监测数据弄虚作假提出了一系列法规制度设计。

  “加快出台生态环境监测条例,是落实党中央改革部署的具体举措,也是全国生态环境监测系统的共同心愿和强烈呼声。”蒋火华说。

  4月18日电商务部等9部门18日在商务部网站发布关于促进家政服务消费扩容升级若干措施的通知,其中指出,推进信用信息体系建设。优化全国家政服务信用信息平台功能和服务,依法依规归集家政服务企业、家政服务员信用信息。加快“家政信用查”APP和小程序互联网全平台覆盖,实现“家政信用查”与地方家政信用信息平台互通。鼓励地方探索归集消费者对家政服务员的服务评价信息并依法依规进行展示。强化家政服务员信用核查,推行电子版“居家上门服务证”,依法依规向消费者展示家政服务员从业信息。

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