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  4月23日下午,中新社记者探访神舟二十号航天员陈中瑞的故乡——河南省安阳市滑县陈大召村。其老家的小院内一派热闹景象,家人与亲朋好友默契协作,为次日共同观看发射直播搭建防晒设施。(记者李超庆李贵刚)

  【深瞳工作室出品】

  采写:本报记者付丽丽

  策划:刘恕李坤

  “加油、加油,这个‘小个子’跑得真好,步伐最稳健。”当看到机器人灵活地跑过弯道,路边观众禁不住大喊。4月19日,北京亦庄,人类马拉松运动员与人形机器人“跑者”站在同一起跑线。

  早上7点半,全球首个人形机器人半程马拉松开赛,第一个出场的“天工”机器人威猛高大,是个1米8的大个头。“旋风小子”“小顽童”则小巧灵活,步幅稳定,甚至还穿着运动鞋,跑起来就像小朋友。

  “尽管有的机器人需要搀扶,有的步履蹒跚甚至摔倒,但如此近距离接触、感受以往在科幻大片中看到的场景,还是特别震撼。”特意带孩子来看比赛的小唐告诉科技日报记者。

  对人类来讲,跑上马拉松赛道并非难事;对人形机器人来讲,走向真实开放的场景,却是科技和产业的一大步。

  《2025人形机器人与具身智能产业研究报告》提出,2025年,人形机器人产业有望从“技术验证期”向“规模化商用期”快速过渡,全球具身智能市场规模预计达195.25亿元。

  杭州宇树科技有限公司CEO王兴兴认为,今年人形机器人数量会显著增加,预计两年内,可以在一些基础服务业或工业应用中推广。随着技术不断成熟与成本逐步降低,人形机器人走进千家万户的脚步会越来越快。当前,人形机器人处于怎样的发展阶段,距离真正商业化之路还有多远?

  突然爆火的背后

  自从在央视春晚舞台转手绢以来,人形机器人屡屡出圈,赚足了眼球。

  在资本市场,其也正成为新的“风口”。仅2024年上半年,全球人形机器人领域融资额突破50亿美元,相当于过去五年的总和。

  “人形机器人突然爆火的背后,是具身智能的突破。”乐聚(深圳)机器人技术有限公司董事长冷晓琨说。

  冷晓琨解释,具身智能是指将人工智能融入机器人等物理实体,赋予它们像人一样感知、学习及与环境动态交互的能力。1950年提出的这一概念,强调的是智能体通过身体与环境的互动产生智能行为。

  业界普遍认为,具身智能主要由“大脑”“小脑”“本体”三部分构成。“大脑”即AI大模型,可提高机器人的语言交互、环境感知、任务决策等关键能力,帮助机器人与人类进行对话交互并做出决策;“小脑”则是运动控制算法,控制机器人的运动、身体感知与平衡。“人形机器人无疑是大模型进入物理世界最合适的载体。”冷晓琨说。

  在人形机器人发展史上,有三个里程碑事件不可绕过:1973年,世界第一个人形机器人在日本早稻田大学诞生,首次实现了双足行走,尽管动作机械僵硬;2000年,本田发布人形机器人ASIMO第一代机型,行走更加自然;2013年,美国波士顿动力公司研发的双足机器人Atlas亮相,平衡性大大增强,不但会跑,而且摔倒后可以站起来。

  北京理工大学教授、北京理工华汇智能科技有限公司董事长张伟民表示,长期以来,机器人开发以编程为基础,2022年AI大模型问世,强大的学习能力推动人形机器人快速发展。

  我国人形机器人的探索起步于20世纪80年代末,国内企业大多采用“整机集成、关键零部件自研”路线,加速推进整机产品迭代。

  “目前,国内人形机器人产品具备较为稳定的行走、跑跳、站起等基本功能,在技术方面与国外比肩。”张伟民说,这些动作的实现主要得益于“小脑”的进步。基本的运动控制算法解决以后,人形机器人稳定平衡能力显著提升,结合大模型在场景中的训练学习,其行动愈发自如。

  此次马拉松比赛中,“天工”以2小时40分钟成功完赛,摘取桂冠。“对机器人来讲,跑马拉松时地面可能凹凸不平,还会有转弯、斜坡,在重心偏离时,能够保持身体平衡都很难。”北京人形机器人创新中心品牌公关负责人魏嘉星介绍,为准备此次比赛,团队在具身智能大、小脑和本体等多个层面优化。

  在机器人本体方面,该中心基于天工Ultra平台,对结构进行优化,寻找重量与刚度之间的平衡点,减少跑步过程中地面对腿和脚的冲击,提高长时间奔跑的稳定性。

  为提高运动速度,研发团队在仿真环境中不断训练“天工”,探索关节力矩和转速的峰值边界。同时,还提升了关节导热和风冷散热技术,使机器人可以保持21公里长时间跑步。“这在以前都是不可想象的。”魏嘉星说。

  从跳舞、前空翻,到登台阶、雪地奔跑,人形机器人技能进阶之快让人眼花缭乱。魏嘉星表示,众多动作中,登台阶较难实现。实验阶段,人形机器人上下台阶时,大多需要提前扫描楼梯建立三维模型,再根据预设程序迈出固定步幅。

  “这种‘照着图纸走钢丝’的方式,面对真实场景下无法预知的地形,就像让蒙眼登山者复刻昨天的脚步,一旦台阶尺寸变化或定位偏移,极易踏空失衡。”魏嘉星说。

  此前,“天工”机器人成功连续攀爬100多级台阶,取得重要技术突破。“在不久的将来,这些人形机器人甚至能在山地、雪地、废墟等极端环境下开展救援等各种作业,为具身智能应用的普及奠定基础。”魏嘉星说。

  找准应用场景是关键

  屈膝、下蹲、从托盘上稳稳搬起物料箱放在拖车上,然后转身,继续搬运……如今,人形机器人进厂“打工”,在汽车制造、电子制造等多个工业领域“上岗”。

  “我们不只是要做一台能跑会跳的人形机器人,而是要真正推动其赋能千行百业。”在冷晓琨看来,让机器人服务人、服务产业,才是最根本的目的。

  冷晓琨分析,人形机器人产业化推进要经历三个重要阶段,依次是面向科研机构和展厅场景、工业场景、家用场景。

  相比其他领域,工业场景对人形机器人需求更为迫切。它被视为最有潜力的工业助手。与传统工业机器人相比,人形机器人在灵活性和适应性上具有显著优势,如在电池组装环节,可轻松完成高精度操作,减少人工参与。

  “但在精细操作和复杂长链任务上,机器人的工作效率约为熟练工人的70%,人形机器人仍需突破关键技术。”冷晓琨说,机器人还干不了像打螺丝等高级技工承担的复杂工作,而只能干一些像搬运、组装、焊接之类繁重、重复性强的粗活。

  中泰证券发布的报告显示,目前人形机器人已在商场接待、柔性制造等多领域开展试验性应用。长期来看,仅我国汽车制造业就有约34万台人形机器人的潜在需求。

  “国家战略层面的重视,也为引领我国人形机器人产业加速发展注入了强劲动力。”张伟民说,2023年11月,工信部出台《人形机器人创新发展指导意见》将人形机器人发展提升到了和计算机、智能手机、新能源汽车同等地位。

  今年两会,“具身智能”首次写入政府工作报告。各地纷纷布局,产业链、上下游齐发力,技术迭代加速,加快推动场景落地。

  然而,冷晓琨表示,人形机器人在工业场景中的应用,还处于小规模试验阶段。目前,只有少部分先进工厂开始探索在某些工作流程中使用,要实现大规模替代人工还为时尚早。

  “成本较高成为其产业化应用的掣肘。”中国科学技术发展战略研究院研究员陈志在调研中发现,国产人形机器人成本每台约70万元。除了高昂的整机成本,核心零部件缺乏统一技术标准、定制化场景牵引不足等也阻碍了人形机器人产业化应用。

  大模型算法决定人形机器人的智能化水平和运动能力,当前人形机器人发展面临的最大瓶颈仍是“大脑”。陈志表示,“大脑”是否聪明面临的最大问题是数据,国内用于训练大模型算法的高质量数据集匮乏,在数据收集效率和仿真技术等方面与国外差距明显。“数据是机器人的原料,没有数据,机器人何谈智能。”

  “我国人形机器人发展仍处于起步阶段。”冷晓琨将当前的人形机器人市场比作2018年前后的新能源汽车,无论是社会接受度、产业链成熟度还是出货量都很相似。但随着成本下探与生态完善,产业有望复制新能源汽车发展路径,成为中国经济新增长极。

  走进家庭路还很长

  在某企业展厅,一台人形机器人正为老人按摩肩颈。它还能帮孩童辅导作业,空闲时间还可以叠衣服、打扫卫生……人形机器人越来越娴熟的技能,让人们对它走入日常生活充满期待。

  “消费者比较乐于见到人形机器人大规模走进家庭,但它真正落地还有很长的路要走。”中国电子信息产业发展研究院未来产业研究中心人工智能研究室主任钟新龙说。

  钟新龙表示,家庭环境涵盖更多的碎片化场景,复杂性超乎想象。如需同时处理宠物、飘动的窗帘、滚动的玩具等多个移动物体,还要持续学习家庭成员习惯、理解“把药放在妈妈看得见的地方”这类模糊指令等,难度很大。

  中国科学院最新测试显示,当前市面上的主流机型在模拟家庭环境中的任务完成率仅达58.3%,较工厂场景下降37个百分点。“当机器人不太聪明时,只能在工厂做一些相对简单的工作,但具身智能更深层的意义是让机器人从‘专才’走向‘通才’,从在特定环境下完成单一任务,到能在开放环境中执行复杂任务。”钟新龙说。

  灵巧手是人形机器人“皇冠上的明珠”。家庭场景中很多动作,如握筷子、拿鸡蛋等都需要它足够灵活才能实现。人手可实现21个自由度,33种常用抓取动作。一只灵巧手由12个电机、6个驱动板、23个传感器、741个零件以及200多个线束组成,目前最多只能实现19个自由度。

  “让灵巧手像人手一样太难了。”浙江灵巧智能科技有限公司CEO周晨表示,机器人灵巧手复杂程度远超其他部件,在更小的体积内实现更多的自由度并非易事。在软件算法上,多指协同操作时,需动态规划各关节力矩以避免自碰撞,并适应不同物体的形状与重量。这对计算资源的实时性要求极高。“这也是为什么人觉得握筷子如此简单,而机器人却很难实现。”周晨解释说。

  钟新龙感慨,机器人的终极目标和最大价值之一就是像人一样“用手”干活。如果人形机器人能用灵巧手执行家务、照护老人,人类就可以真的“躺平”了。

  也有专家表示,为了更好地与人类协作或服务人类,人形机器人需要具备自然、流畅的人机交互能力。在家庭服务场景下,目前人形机器人的智能化水平还难以兼顾全部场景,可先以人机协作模式,从简单的扫地、收拾桌面等入手,逐步过渡到更复杂的家务操作。

  冷晓琨的判断是:“人形机器人3到5年能实用化,真正在家庭场景广泛使用至少还需要10年。”他说,人形机器人走进家庭不光靠技术,安全、伦理问题、市场准入这些坎儿都得过,建议国家相关部门适时出台相应的政策支持、标准规范以及监管措施等。(科技日报) 新闻结尾 欧美大胆艺术照,探索最新热门影视,享受每一帧的精彩与的相关文章
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