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压在窗户上C给别人看,公交车上的心动邂逅,一场意外的重逢
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压在窗户上C给别人看,公交车上的心动邂逅,一场意外的重逢

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  来源:慧保天下

  与保险业内人士交谈,但凡中小险企,最常听到的一句话一定是“中小险企太难了”。

  一段在坊间流传的文字,表达了中小险企“太难了”背后的心里话,在当下颇有代表性,其直言“‘报行合一’是大公司的阳谋”,“这场以‘降本增效’为名的行动,本质上是行政力量对市场规则的干预,最终导致强者恒强的垄断格局,违背了市场竞争的公平性”……

  但面对这样的“怒气”,往往几句话就可以平息:“一些公司本身已经出现了很多问题,如果继续允许其采用激进的产品策略、费用策略扩张规模,低利率之下,会不会给未来挖更多的‘坑’?”

  当下,中小险企所面临的发展压力是毋庸置疑的,事实上,不只中小险企,就连一些大型险企的新单保费在2025年一季度,也出现了一定程度的负增长,压力是行业性的。对于广大中小险企而言,与其纠结“报行合一”,或许更应该思考的是行业行至今日,“保费规模”到底还有多重要。

  01

  “报行合一”凸显大公司优势,中小公司叫苦不迭

  当下,一些中小险企的压力是显而易见的,负债端尤其明显。

  人身险方面,主力三大渠道,个险、银保和经代,中小险企都面临各种问题。

  个险渠道,本就是头部险企、进入中国市场时间较久的外资险企的赛道,其他一些中小险企也有布局但在市场上的存在感不强。个险渠道的培育注定需要大量的时间和成本,对于错过了渠道发展黄金期的中小险企而言,要想从头发展难上加难。

  银保渠道作为开放市场,一度是中小险企的天下,比拼是产品收益率以及佣金手续费,通过银保渠道,一众中小险企迅速崛起,个别公司保费规模甚至突破千亿大关,跻身大型险企行列。但一些险企也正是因为在银保渠道采用了过于激进的产品策略以及费用策略,导致其后续不得不面对许多的“坑”。

  实施“报行合一”之后,银保渠道费用水平下降超1/3,险企降本成效显著,但这也直接导致了银行柜员销售积极性的减退,再加上产品结构调整,大公司发力银保渠道,大公司在费用资源品牌方面更具优势等因素,很多中小险企在银保渠道的发展受到严重限制。银保渠道发展承压,让很多中小险企人士倍感压力。

  经代渠道自2024年上半年开始实施“报行合一”,也导致经代公司佣金收入大幅下滑,渠道保费收入锐减,仰赖经代渠道的中小险企再受冲击。

  2024年,受益于炒停售以及资本市场的火爆,中小险企业绩普遍有所改善,但压力依然是真切的,步入2025年,伴随着全行业性的下滑,这种压力变得更加清晰。

  财产险市场的情况也类似,“报行合一”早已全面落地,强者恒强的市场局面进一步强化,中小险企突围难度进一步加大。

  除开负债端的压力,对于广大中小险企而言,其困境还来源于偿付能力。2024年末,7家险企的风险综合评级为C,导致偿付能力“不达标”,还有多达17家险企未披露偿付能力报告。

  02

  当前市场仍处于风险出清阶段,“报行合一”实质是守住合规经营底线

  根据上文统计,截至2024年末,24中小险企要么偿付能力不足,要么已经不再披露偿付能力报告,说明其经营都面临巨大的压力,他们在全部180家险企(财险公司88家、寿险公司75家、健康险和养老公司17家)中的占比已经超过了13%,说明出现问题的险企数量已经相当之多。

  而在业界人士的观察中,一些公司即便偿付能力达标,也难言没有问题,陷入困境的中小险企远不只24家。

  一个不容忽视的事实是,出清风险依然是当下市场的重要命题之一。2024年中央经济工作会议明确提出“稳妥处置地方中小金融机构风险”。国家金融监督管理总局召开2025年监管工作会议时也明确表示要“统筹推进防风险、强监管、促发展,监管工作迈上新台阶”,“加快推进中小金融机构改革化险。坚持上下统筹、分工包案、凝聚合力,全力处置高风险机构,促进治理重塑、管理重构、业务重组”,以及“切实提高银行业保险业高质量发展能力。督促银行保险机构强化资产负债联动管理,苦练内功、降本增效,着力夯实可持续发展基础”。

  无论是从市场的角度出发,还是从监管的角度出发,“防风险”都依然是当下行业最重要的命题之一。

  而“报行合一”无疑就是全行业“防风险”的一道杀手锏。其直接的结果是倒逼险企降低费用率,其实质则是要求险企强化合规,杜绝“报一套、行一套”,悄无声息绕过监管红线。

  很长一个时期内,“普遍性违法、选择性执法”被视为行业常态,甚至有观点认为,既然“普遍性违法”是现实,就说明规章制度标准过高,应该取消有关规定,将市场化贯彻到底,直至部分公司退出市场,市场会在大洗牌之后建立新的生态平衡。

  这与当下部分反对“报行合一”的观点不谋而合,既然“报行不一”“银行小账”是行业普遍存在的问题,那就干脆放开对于费用的管制。

  但给出这些答案的人,没有回答的问题是,一旦放任市场遵循“丛林法则”,该怎样保护消费者的合法权益?消费者对于行业的信心又该如何重建?更重要的是,大公司的优势往往是历史赋予的,其丰厚的积淀决定了,即便是在最极端的市场竞争之下,最先倒下的也一定不是他们,而更有可能是中小险企。

  应对特殊情况,监管已经开始了逆周期的调节,其中最值得关注的,就是延长偿二代二期工程过渡期,允许险企根据实际情况继续申请“一司一策”,借此暂缓偿付能力压力。

  与此同时,“分级分类”监管理念正在各个领域陆续落地实施,松绑“优质险企”,严管“问题险企”,将逐渐成为行业常态。

  03

  部分公司开始放弃规模迷信,理念转向下,AI或带来又一波弯道超车机遇

  一些险企仍在因为业务深感压力,而另一些险企已经放弃了对于保费规模的执念,选择分化的背后,是行业经营理念正在发生深刻变化,对于已经切换新会计准则的险企而言,这种变化表现得更为明显。

  最大的变化之一是,险企开始“允许”新单保费负增长,“市场利率不断走低,再加上新会计准则对险企资产负债匹配提出了更高要求,单纯追求保费规模,无法做好资产负债匹配,会快速消耗公司的偿付能力,对公司的负面影响其实更大。”有险企高管如此表示,在他看来,在保证公司现金流安全的前提下,不但不应该追求扩大保费规模,反而应该有意控制新单规模。

  在新单保费负增长的情况下,受续期保费拉动,保险公司总保费或许仍会呈现一定的增长,但总保费增速一定会有所回落。

  持有该观点的保险公司不在少数,可以看到,国华人寿总保费早在2024年就已经开始显著下滑,全年实现346.4亿元保费收入,同比下降14.21%。2025年一季度,这种下滑仍在继续。

  当然,放低对于保费规模的考核,强化资产负债匹配管理的背后,很多险企已经将经营的重心转向了产品结构调整,从固定收益类转向浮动收益类产品,强调新业务价值的增长,以及公司内部的降本增效。有公司更进一步,连新业务价值都不再追求快速做大。同时要求公司发展部分存续期相对较短的产品,以更适应资产负债匹配的要求,减少对于偿付能力的消耗。

  对于当下的很多中小险企而言,一方面要面对压力,适应环境,另一方面还要解决问题,注定问题多多,但机会依然是存在的。例如AI,得益于DeepSeek的爆红,算力成本大降,AI技术的应用壁垒也得以显著降低,推动了算力平权和知识平权,这对于中小险企而言,无疑是一大机会,有业内人士甚至直言“这将是中小险企弯道超车的最后一次机会”。

  <END>

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