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4月16日,国新办召开新闻发布会,发布了一季度国民经济运行成绩单。初步核算,一季度国内生产总值318758亿元,同比增长5.4%,比上年四季度环比增长1.2%。

这组数据意味着什么?4月16日,民生银行首席经济学家温彬接受红星新闻记者采访时表示,一季度我国GDP同比增长5.4%,超出市场预期,实现良好开局。具体到3月来看,工业增加值、服务业生产指数、社会消费品零售、固定资产投资增速均比1-2月有所加快,显示经济保持稳中向好、稳中回升态势。

发布会现场图据中国网

著名经济学家、中国政策科学研究会经济政策委员会副主任徐洪才表示,一季度实现开门红,经济增速高于预期,产业分布也较为平衡。

如何看待一季度经济增速?

延续稳中向好态势,超出预期

在4月16日国务院新闻办新闻发布会上,国家统计局副局长盛来运表示,一季度GDP同比增长5.4%,增速高于去年全国5%的增速,也高于去年一季度5.3%的增速,在全球主要经济体中名列前茅,延续了去年以来持续稳中向好、稳中回升的态势。

对此,温彬表示,一季度我国GDP同比增长5.4%,好于市场预期,延续了去年以来稳中向好、稳中回升的态势,实现良好开局。一季度GDP表现之所以超出预期,与三个因素密不可分:

一是出口继续畅旺。一季度我国按美元计出口同比增长5.8%,与去年全年增速大致持平,实现贸易顺差2730亿美元,大幅高于去年同期的1832亿美元。

二是政策加力扩围。以旧换新政策持续拉动耐用品消费,设备更新政策推动工器具购置增速创历史新高,政府债加快发行托底基建投资,一系列稳地产政策推动市场出现“小阳春”,发展新质生产力带动高技术行业快速发展等,这些都凸显出政策的积极效果。

发布会现场图据中国网

三是市场活力信心增强。3月份制造业PMI和非制造业商务活动指数均有提升,特别是中小企业景气度明显回升;3月末M1增速回升至1.6%,达到近一年来的最高水平;消费者信心指数持续回升,显示市场主体对未来预期有明显改善,有利于提升经济内生增长动能。

盛来运也提到,今年以来政策措施加力扩围,存量政策和增量政策共同显效,推动今年一季度经济开局良好。各地区、各部门认真贯彻落实党中央决策部署,抓早抓实,抢抓开局,抢抓出口,抢抓机遇,有力有效带动了生产需求回升。我国大力推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合,科技成果持续涌现,并不断加快转化应用,经济新动能不断成长。

-亮点①-

新能源汽车等高端制造业快速增长

一季度,第二产业增加值111903亿元,增长5.9%;全国规模以上工业增加值同比增长6.5%,比上年全年加快0.7个百分点。分产品看,新能源汽车、3D打印设备、工业机器人产品产量同比分别增长45.4%、44.9%、26.0%。

盛来运在发布会上指出,政策促进了消费增长和投资加快,必然会促进企业加快生产,与这些产品相关的制造业一季度表现非常好。新能源汽车产量增长45.4%,相应的充电桩产量增长26.3%,带动了工业增长。

徐洪才则表示,第二产业5.9%的增速亮眼,这背后高新技术产业发力、转型升级以及新旧动能转换、技术进步对经济快速增长发挥了重要作用,在竞争激烈的制造业领域体现明显。

中国信息协会常务理事、国研新经济研究院创始院长朱克力则认为,今年一季度国民经济运行呈现出稳中蓄势的态势,工业领域的结构性亮点尤其值得关注。新能源汽车、3D打印设备、工业机器人等高端制造领域的快速增长,本质上是技术迭代与市场需求共振的结果。

(资料图)山东枣庄一家企业的工业机器人在生产光伏组件。图据视觉中国

朱克力说,全球绿色转型浪潮下,新能源汽车产业链的成熟度提升,叠加政策引导和消费者认知升级,加速了市场渗透;而3D打印和工业机器人则受益于制造业智能化改造的刚需,企业通过“机器换人”提升效率的趋势已从头部企业向中小厂商扩散。这种增长不仅是产能扩张,更代表中国制造从规模优势向技术附加值跃迁的拐点。整体来看,这些高增长行业正在重塑中国经济的技术底盘,为中长期高质量发展注入新动能。

-亮点②-

服务性消费占比提升

是未来支撑消费增长重要领域

一季度,社会消费品零售总额124671亿元,同比增长4.6%,比上年全年加快1.1个百分点。

温彬表示,3月社会消费品零售总额同比增长5.9%,高于1-2月的4.0%,好于市场预期。季调后环比增长0.58%,与前两个月环比增速大致持平。餐饮消费和商品零售额均加快增长。3月餐饮收入同比增长5.6%,高于1-2月的4.3%;商品零售同比增长5.9%,高于1-2月的3.9%。

从商品细项来看,随着以旧换新政策继续显效,家电、家具、通讯器材、汽车增长加快,增速分别比1-2月加快24.2、17.8、2.4和9.9个百分点。总体来看,3月消费表现超出预期,居民消费意愿和消费能力均有改善。截至2月,消费者信心指数已经连续3个月回升,且达到去年4月以来最高水平。

一季度,服务业增加值同比增长5.3%,比上年全年加快0.3个百分点。

盛来运提到,一季度,服务零售额同比增长5%,比商品零售快了0.4个百分点。与消费结构升级相关的消费增长更快,保持两位数增长。一季度居民人均服务性消费支出同比增长5.4%,占全部居民人均消费支出的比重达到43.4%,比去年同期提高0.1个百分点。服务消费是未来支撑消费增长的一个非常重要的领域,而且发展成长性、发展空间都非常大。

(资料图)4月5日,市民和游客在天津五大道夜赏海棠花。图据视觉中国/中新社记者佟郁摄

朱克力则表示,服务性消费占比的持续提升,印证了中国经济从“实物驱动”向“体验驱动”转型的深层逻辑。文旅、健康、教育等服务消费的升温,既是居民收入水平跨越阈值后的自然选择,也源于近年来社会心理已经从生存保障转向生活品质。

朱克力说,服务消费的独特之处在于其链条长、附加值高,比如一场演唱会能带动交通、住宿、周边商品等多层消费。推动这一领域增长,关键在于供给侧能否打破低质量内卷。例如,文旅产业需摆脱门票经济依赖,通过IP运营和沉浸式体验创造差异化价值;养老服务需嫁接数字化工具提升效率。政策层面应减少行政壁垒,允许更多市场化主体参与竞争,同时完善服务标准体系,让消费者从敢花钱到放心花。

-亮点③-

中国出口的韧性显现

对单一出口市场依存度在下降

迎来开门红后,如何保持增长?徐洪才认为核心是稳外贸。面对贸易战,他也给出建议:一是拓展新市场,如向欧洲、日本等发达经济体出口机电产品;二是挖掘内需市场潜力;三是推动企业转型转产、调整结构,同时政府要帮扶困难企业,多管齐下实现稳增长。

一季度,货物进出口总额103013亿元,同比增长1.3%。其中,出口61314亿元,增长6.9%。

谈到外贸局势,盛来运表示,从短期来看,美国加征高额关税会对我国经济和外贸带来一定压力,但是改变不了中国经济持续长期向好的大势。

盛来运说,近几年,我国积极开拓国际市场,构建贸易多元化格局,成效也非常明显。目前,我们已与世界上150多个国家和地区成为贸易伙伴。另外,我们积极推进与共建“一带一路”国家贸易。今年一季度,对共建“一带一路”国家的出口同比增长7.2%,货物进出口额占全部进出口额比重超过50%,多元化市场格局正在形成,这也意味着我们对某一个国家单一出口市场的依存度在下降。

盛来运还指出,中国依靠内需和创新驱动共同推动经济增长的新格局正在形成,过去五年,三大需求中内需对经济增长的平均贡献率超过80%。去年,“三新”经济增加值占GDP比重达到18%左右,数字经济核心产业增加值占GDP的比重已经达到10%左右,新动能不断成长,有利于增强中国经济的协调性和稳定性。

红星新闻首席记者吴阳北京报道

编辑张寻责编高升祥

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