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  中金在线

  近日,燕京啤酒发布业绩快报,2024年实现营业收入146.67亿元,同比增长3.20%;归属于上市公司股东的净利润10.56亿元,同比增长63.74%。

  然而,当我们深入探究这些数据的背后,却不难发现,燕京啤酒的发展之路实则危机四伏,暗藏着诸多亟待解决的困局。营收增速放缓,透露出行业压力和自身增长动力的不足;四季度亏损的顽疾多年未愈,成为悬在燕京啤酒头上的达摩克利斯之剑;高端化之路更是任重道远,起步晚、产品结构单一以及高成本低回报等问题,让燕京啤酒在高端市场的竞争中步履维艰。

  营收增速放缓,行业压力凸显

  从整个行业大环境来看,2024年对于啤酒行业而言,日子并不好过。中国规模以上企业累计啤酒产量在这一年出现了下降,同比下滑0.6%,总产量降至3521.3万千升。行业营业收入也减少了5.7%,成为食品饮料行业中唯一下滑的品类。在这样的大背景下,燕京啤酒虽然实现了营收和净利润的双增长,但也不可避免地受到了行业大环境的负面影响。就好比在逆水行舟,大家都在艰难前行,燕京啤酒想要快速前进,难度可想而知。

  回顾燕京啤酒前几年的营收增速,2022年营收增速为10.4%,2023年为7.7%,而到了2024年,增速仅为3.2%。这样的增速下滑,无疑给燕京啤酒的未来发展蒙上了一层阴影。

  增速的放缓,反映出燕京啤酒在市场中可能面临着诸多问题。市场份额难以进一步扩大,增长动力不足。随着啤酒市场的逐渐饱和,各大品牌之间的竞争愈发激烈,燕京啤酒想要在这样的环境中脱颖而出,实现快速增长,难度可想而知。

  燕京啤酒四季度亏损的问题,就像一个甩不掉的“包袱”,已经持续了太长时间。在过去的十几年里,每到四季度,燕京啤酒的财报上总会出现亏损的数字,这几乎成了一种“惯例”。

  回顾2021-2023年,2021年四季度,燕京啤酒归母净利润亏损3.35亿元;2022年四季度,亏损3.20亿元;到了2023年四季度,依然亏损3.11亿元。而在2024年,情况也没有得到改善,四季度亏损约为2.32亿元。这些数字,就像一道道伤疤,记录着燕京啤酒在四季度面临的困境。

  啤酒行业的季节性特点,就像是一把高悬的“达摩克利斯之剑”,时刻影响着燕京啤酒的业绩。冬季,天气寒冷,人们对于啤酒的消费热情大幅下降,这是整个行业都面临的难题。在这个季节,啤酒的销量往往会大幅下滑,燕京啤酒也难以幸免。

  为了应对这一难题,燕京啤酒也采取了不少策略。比如,在成本控制方面,公司会在冬季减少生产,降低库存,节省原材料采购、生产运营等成本,就像一个精打细算的管家,在生意清淡的时候尽量减少开支。在销售费用上,也会进行缩减,减少广告投放、促销活动等费用的支出,避免在淡季做过多的“无用功”。

  然而,从实际效果来看,这些策略并没有从根本上解决问题。尽管采取了节省成本等措施,但四季度的亏损依然存在。这表明,这些策略虽然在一定程度上能够缓解压力,但并不能真正改变燕京啤酒在四季度的困境。

  高端化任重道远,产品结构单一

  在啤酒行业的高端化浪潮中,燕京啤酒就像是一个起跑稍晚的选手,眼睁睁看着竞争对手在前方越跑越远。早在2014年,青岛啤酒和华润啤酒等行业巨头就敏锐地捕捉到了市场的变化趋势,率先推出了高端产品线,开启了啤酒高端化的征程。

  而燕京啤酒直到2019年才姗姗来迟,推出了燕京U8等高端新品。这几年的时间差,让燕京啤酒在市场竞争中处于了极为不利的地位。在这期间,青岛啤酒凭借着“奥古特”“鸿运当头”等高端产品,在高端市场中迅速积累了大量的忠实消费者,华润啤酒也通过“雪花脸谱”“匠心营造”等产品,成功抢占了一席之地。燕京啤酒想要在已经被竞争对手瓜分的高端市场中,开拓出属于自己的一片天地,难度可想而知。

  虽然燕京啤酒在中高端产品的布局上取得了一定成效,中高端产品收入占比有所提升。但不可忽视的是,其产品结构相对单一,过度依赖燕京U8等少数产品。燕京U8作为燕京啤酒的核心大单品,近年来销量增长迅速,在2024年销量达到69.60万千升,同比增长31.40%,为公司的业绩增长做出了重要贡献。

  这种过度依赖也带来了潜在的风险。一旦市场需求发生变化,或者遇到强劲的竞品冲击,燕京啤酒的业绩很容易受到影响。如果消费者的口味偏好发生改变,对燕京U8的需求下降,而燕京啤酒又没有其他能够迅速填补市场空白的产品,那么营收和利润都可能面临下滑的风险。

  其他竞争对手推出类似的竞品,并且在价格、口感、营销等方面更具优势,燕京U8的市场份额也可能被蚕食,从而影响公司的整体业绩。就像把所有的鸡蛋放在一个篮子里,一旦篮子出现问题,鸡蛋就会全部破碎。

  燕京啤酒在高端化的道路上,投入了大量的资金,试图通过广告宣传、品牌推广等方式,提升品牌知名度和产品销量。从2019-2022年,燕京啤酒的广告宣传费用就像坐了火箭一样,连续上涨,2022年更是达到了6.04亿元。虽然在2023年广告投入略有回落,但这几年的高额投入,已经给燕京啤酒的财务状况带来了不小的压力。

  然而,与高昂的成本投入形成鲜明对比的是,燕京啤酒的盈利能力却始终不尽如人意。与百威亚太、华润啤酒等同行相比,燕京啤酒的毛利率和净利率都处于较低水平。2023年,燕京啤酒啤酒业务毛利率为38.89%,而百威亚太的毛利率高达50.4%,华润啤酒也达到了40.2%。

  这表明,燕京啤酒在高端化策略的实施过程中,虽然付出了巨大的成本,但却没有获得相应的高回报,盈利能力还有待进一步提升。

  燕京啤酒在2024年业绩发布后,种种困局已经摆在眼前。营收增速放缓,反映出行业压力以及自身增长动力的不足;四季度亏损顽疾多年未愈,说明季节性难题和现有应对策略的失效;高端化之路任重道远,起步晚、产品结构单一以及高成本低回报等问题,都制约着燕京啤酒在高端市场的发展。

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