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  出品:新浪财经上市公司研究院

  作者:新消费主张/木予

  2025年开年以来,港股消费板块强势领涨,中证香港300消费指数一度站上2974.00点高位,区间累计上涨超33%,远超恒生指数同期涨幅。其中,食品饮料公司表现尤为亮眼,卫龙美味市值在短短4个月内翻了逾2倍,华润饮料股价期间震荡走高超21个百分点。据普华永道预测,2025年香港IPO募资额预计将达到1300-1600亿港元,全球排名有望重回三甲之列,零售、消费品及服务行业备受资本市场关注。

  趁着回暖东风,一家泰国即饮饮料公司叩响了港交所的大门。披露易信息显示,IFBHPte.Ltd.(下文简称:IFBH)已于4月9日正式递交招股说明书,拟在香港主板上市,由中信证券担任独家保荐人。此番IPO募集资金将主要用于仓配能力建设、品牌全球化推广及产品创新。公司计划将业务逐步拓展至澳洲、美洲及东南亚地区,并通过并购整合上下游资源,构建涵盖植物基零食、功能型饮品等多元产品矩阵。

  2024年,IFBH实现总营收1.58亿美元(折合人民币约11.51亿元),同比激增80.2%;归母净利润录得3331.60万美元(折合人民币约2.43亿元),较2023年近乎翻番。然而,业绩高增的背后暗藏市场和产品结构失衡、重营销轻供应链隐忧,对赌协议步步紧逼,IFBH能否成功“上岸”?

  靠中国内地捧出的全球第二大单品椰子水贡献超九成收入

  一家泰国饮料公司,总部设在新加坡,却选择在中国香港上市,是为了更贴近核心市场。

  据招股书披露,2023-2024年,IFBH在中国内地的销售收入从7991.70万美元飙升至1.46亿美元,为总营收分别贡献91.4%、92.4%。若加上香港市场,公司在中国的整体收入占比连续两年稳定在97%,而新加坡、美国、加拿大、韩国等21个国家及地区的收入总和仅占3%。

  与此同时,if品牌椰子水扛起了IFBH的营收大旗。报告期内,椰子水销售收入分别为8201.20万美元、1.51亿美元,占总收入比例约为93.8%、95.6%;其他饮料和植物基零食收入规模加总徘徊在200-300万美元之间,占比不足3%。

  事实上,椰子水在国内的发展时间并不长。2014年,功能性饮料红牛的母公司华彬集团以1.66亿美元收购美国椰子水品牌VitaCoco25%的股权,并成立VitaCoco中国公司独家分销大中华区产品,才标志着该品类首次规模化入场。次年,if品牌椰子水进军香港,2017年正式布局内地市场。

  2023年随着疫情的结束,消费者对健康消费关注度逐渐提高,椰子水富含钾、钠、镁、钙等天然电解质,低热量、零添加等标签与当前消费趋势更加契合。据华经产业研究院统计,2019年中国椰子水饮料零售额只有1.02亿美元,而2025年预计将接近14亿美元,年复合增长率达54.7%。仅近两年,国内椰子水品牌已从32个增长至50余个。

  内地市场的广阔前景和消费环境的升级变迁,给了IFBH一次腾飞的绝佳机会。据灼识咨询研究,按椰子水零售额计算,if椰子水产品在香港市场蝉联榜首9年、连续5年在内地市场稳居龙头。2024年,其在两个市场的占有率分别为60%、34%,IFBH成为仅次于VitaCoco的全球椰子水饮料公司。

  不过,高度依赖单一市场和单一产品,导致其抗风险能力极其薄弱。内地消费者的偏好、经济环境及监管政策变化、地缘政治影响和市场需求波动,未来都有可能成为压垮公司的“最后一根稻草”。椰子水作为新兴品类尚未经历完整的市场周期验证,但近期已经出现同质化趋势,品牌壁垒并不稳固。一旦该细分领域在国内进入成熟或衰退期,IFBH缺乏多元化市场和业务缓冲,业绩必将受到重创。

  全链条轻资产运营募资建设代工厂?

  不到十年就跻身中国第一、全球第二,IFBH竟然只靠46位全职员工。

  据招股书显示,截至2024年12月31日,公司在泰国和新加坡两地共有46名员工,包括20名销售及营销人员,15名财务、人力资源及行政人员,6名仓配人员及5名研究及开发人员。按照2024年的营收规模简单推算,公司人均创收超2500万元,而同类可比即饮饮料公司农夫山泉、东鹏特饮同指标分别为214.48万元、144.19万元。

  组织架构极简、人效远超同行的关键,在于IFBH全链条轻资产运营模式:代工厂商负责制造产品、物流供应商负责运输、分销商负责销售。从原材料采购、加工包装、仓储物流到渠道建设全都由第三方完成,公司在整个过程中只提供了一个品牌。

  于是,在供应链方面节省下来的资金,被大笔投向市场营销。报告期内,if椰子水不仅与泡泡玛特、瑞幸、LadyM等国内外知名消费品牌合作联名,还高调选择肖战、赵露思等头部明星为代言人。品牌线上通过与KOL、主播等在社交媒体平台进行宣传推广,线下借助举办快闪活动、投放户外广告及参加贸易会与博览会等举措增加曝光。2023-2024年,IFBH的营销开支从366.30万美元提升至735.50万美元,同比增幅达100.8%,超过同期营收增幅。

  但重营销轻供应链的弊端也很明显。一方面,IFBH的前五大供应商都是提供饮料制造及包装服务的代工厂,交易总金额占采购总额高达92.3%、96.0%。而椰子水原料构成简单,受季节气候影响易产生价格波动。2024年东南亚高温干旱导致椰子减产,新鲜椰子价格显著上涨30%-40%,代工厂集中令公司不得不承受上游传递的原材料成本压力。

  另一方面,公司的前五大客户基本为食品饮料进口公司和快消品分销零售商,销售额占总销售额达97.9%、97.6%。近年来国内椰子水市场竞争日益激烈,公开数据显示其均价已从每百毫升1.91元降至1.46元,而if椰子水每百毫升均价约折合人民币2.06元,渠道集中令IFBH被迫承担下游降价促销的价格压力。

  成本、收入两端皆仰人鼻息,IFBH短期内却似乎没有改变商业模式的计划。据招股书显示,公司预计将上市所募资金用于向代工厂提供支援,使代工厂得以提升和开发新的生产线;支持椰子水采购商购买合适的加工技术及设备为代工厂加工椰子水。而其最大的代工厂和唯一的椰子水采购商正是控股公司GeneralBeverage,2023-2024年IFBH向后者采购金额占比分别为21.6%、18.0%。募资建设代工厂此举是否涉及利益输送,仍需长期审慎观察。

  对赌协议压顶上市迫在眉睫

  IFBH急于上市的原因之一,或是近在咫尺的对赌协议。

  招股书显示,IFBH自2023年1月1日起才正式从GeneralBeverage拆分重组,独立运营品牌。截至最后实际可行日,创始人PongsakornPongsak直接及间接持有公司全部已发行股份约77.6%,包括直接权益约6.53%及透过GeneralBeverage间接持有的71.1%间接权益。

  2024年3月,PongsakornPongsak、GeneralBeverage及IFBH与AquavivaCo.,Ltd.签订了一份股权认购协议。据此,AquavivaCo.,Ltd.以1750万美元认购IFBH共125000股新股股份,相当于公司于紧随有关股份发行完成后已发行及缴足股本总额的11.1%,投前估值约为1.40亿美元。

  与此同时,PongsakornPongsak将其在新加坡的若干股份转让予自己的朋友、业务联系人以及IFBH两家主要客户旗下的新熟(香港)实业有限公司和广州远联供应链管理有限公司,每股对价140美元。股权转让完成后,两家实体的持股比例分别为1.23%、1.14%。

  交易完成后不到两周,AquavivaCo.,Ltd.解散及清盘,其三名股东FullertonAlternativesFunds2VCC、OasisPartnersCo.,Ltd.和10BIFLimited取代AquavivaCo.,Ltd.成为IFBH的股东,并承担其在股东协议下的权利和义务。

  根据此前签订的股东协议,投资方获授包括认沽期权、知情权、优先购买权等在内的若干特别权利。此外,除两家主要客户控制的实体,其余16位个人股份承让方也获得了认沽期权。条款规定,若IFBH未能于2026年12月31日前完成上市,股东有权要求PongsakornPongsak按每年12%的净内部回报率计算行使价,回购投资方持有的所有股份。承让方则有权要求PongsakornPongsak按140美元/股对价,购买于股份交换后持有的全部股份。

  基于相关数据粗略测算,如果IFBH最终上市折戟且各方要求行使认沽期权,PongsakornPongsak至少要拿出3198.90万美元回购,约为公司2024年归母净利润的96.0%。

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