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  哪些是网络虚拟财产、该怎样保护?广州互联网法院举行新闻发布会明确:

  微信公众号属网络虚拟财产

  流量属于网络虚拟财产权益

  羊城晚报记者董柳实习生马欣然胡雪洁通讯员李晓虹

  微信公众号、网络店铺算虚拟财产吗?流量可以变现,它是虚拟财产吗?在中国拥有超过11亿网民的今天,这些问题现实地摆在人们面前。

  4月23日上午,广州互联网法院举行“网络虚拟财产民事司法保护路径分析及典型案例新闻发布会”。会上,广州互联网法院分党组成员、执行局局长赖俊斌在发布《网络虚拟财产的法律性质及民事司法保护路径研究分析报告》时介绍,现有网络虚拟财产可分为两大类:一类是体现现实财产或利益的网络映射体,如网络店铺;另一类是网络世界构建的纯虚拟财产,如网络游戏中的游戏道具和游戏币。

  流量是虚拟财产吗?判决明确了

  在当天发布的十大典型案例中,爱某公司诉赵某某网络侵害虚拟财产纠纷案引人注目。微信公众号和流量是不是网络虚拟财产?判决给出了清晰回答。

  爱某公司运营有大量微信公众号,其业务模式为通过公众号运营获得流量,开通“流量主”功能获得微信每月定期发放的“流量主”收益。赵某某为爱某公司公众号编辑,双方签订有《保密协议》,约定不得利用公司内部公众号资源转载引流私人账号。赵某某在职期间,未经爱某公司允许,在其负责运营的20个微信公众号内嵌入第三方微信公众号文章链接,同时在文章末尾以较大字体突出显示“展开继续阅读全文”字样。跳转后的文章内容与跳转前的文章内容十分相近,部分标题几乎一样。爱某公司主张其微信公众号运营收益大幅缩减,提交了“流量主”收益后台录屏、统计表格等予以证明,并请求法院判令赵某某向爱某公司支付公司应得利益及赔偿损失。

  广州互联网法院审理认为,微信公众号属于网络虚拟财产,依法受法律保护。员工不得利用公司内部公众号资源转链引流私人账号。员工转链引流行为致使公司在相关微信公众号内积攒的粉丝、流量被分割,导致经济价值降低,侵害公司对其微信公众号享有的网络虚拟财产权益,应对公司的损失承担赔偿责任。法院判决赵某某向爱某公司赔偿损失10万元。宣判后,双方当事人均未上诉,该判决已发生法律效力。

  广州互联网法院综合审判二庭庭长邓丹云在发布《网络虚拟财产纠纷十大典型案例》时表示,本案从侵权法的角度出发,明确了流量的本质是用户注意力的量化,属于网络虚拟财产权益,并进一步细化了流量劫持的侵权责任构成要件,明确流量劫持行为的违法性体现在使用技术手段破坏原有网络场景并对用户进行诱导或强制。“本案的判决有利于为流量权益提供更加全面的救济机制,引导良性竞争的市场秩序。”

  现有网络虚拟财产可分为两大类

  在另一宗典型案例中,张某是某网络游戏的用户,其将游戏账号密码告知曹某并委托曹某代练,但曹某将该账号内的44种虚拟财产转出并失去联系。张某起诉要求法院判令曹某赔偿其虚拟财产损失31678.4元。广州互联网法院审理后判决曹某赔偿张某财产损失31324.81元。

  那么,哪些财产属于网络虚拟财产?

  赖俊斌介绍,广州互联网法院对全国法院2019年至2024年以来涉网络虚拟财产案件的审理现状进行全面梳理,认为现有网络虚拟财产应分为两大类:一类是体现现实财产或利益的网络映射体,即现实映射类虚拟财产,如网络店铺和部分网络账号等;一类是网络世界构建的纯虚拟财产,即网络建构类虚拟财产,如网络游戏中的游戏道具和游戏币、NFT(非同质化代币)及加密货币。“其中网络构建类虚拟财产作为一种创制物,既包括数据创制,也包括价值创制,其价值具有虚拟性。”

  经过剖析上述两类虚拟财产的权利属性,广州互联网法院提出,对于现实映射类虚拟财产,如网络店铺,其本质上是实体店铺的电子网络化,各项组成要素都具有实在性,与物理空间中形成的各种法律关系并无本质不同,可通过现行法律予以调整。

  对于网络建构类虚拟财产,尽管与现实的关联性较弱,但与其相关的各主体之间的法律关系仍未脱离现行的物债二分框架,兼具物权和债权特点。具体来说,第一,虚拟财产存于运营商的服务器中,是网络运营商与网络用户之间债权关系客体,是网络用户使用相关服务的债权凭证;第二,虚拟财产的价值创造主体是网络用户,作为网络用户之间的物权关系客体,权利人可以对虚拟财产进行排他的占有、使用、收益或者处分;第三,网络虚拟财产的债权性质限制了其物权的权能,网络用户对虚拟财产行使物权时需受限于用户协议、平台规则和运营周期等。

  虚拟财产法律规范及治理规则有待完善

  广州互联网法院调研发现,现阶段仍存在网络账号的可交易性尚未明确、网络店铺的交易行为性质认定尚未统一、网络游戏内虚拟财产禁止交易条款的效力存在争议、NFT类虚拟财产法律规范及治理规则有待完善、加密货币虚拟财产价值认定争议易衍生金融风险等法律问题。

  赖俊斌介绍,为推动形成与网络虚拟财产纠纷类型相匹配的法律保护路径,广州互联网法院提出构建多元主体共同参与的协同治理体系,并提出相关建议:

  ——在制度构建方面,根据网络虚拟财产的具体类型,区分运营者、网络用户和第三方交易平台等不同主体,设定与其权利属性相匹配的义务规范;探索建立网络用户参与的契约协商制度,使平台虚拟财产规则能充分体现用户需求。

  ——在个案裁判方面,在审理涉网络虚拟财产合同、侵权、反不正当竞争纠纷中,充分考虑网络虚拟财产权利性质、权利归属与内容的特殊性,以裁判规则推动制度创新,科学、合理分配举证责任,平衡用户权益保护和平台持续发展。

  ——在协同治理方面,协同监管部门,加强NFT数字藏品和数字货币等重点领域风险防范,严厉打击炒作经营和违法犯罪行为;夯实平台责任,推动完善虚拟财产交易合规体系建设;推动建立跨平台交易溯源和场景追踪系统,形成虚拟财产多场景监管、治理体系。(羊城晚报)

  4月24日电据中央气象台网站消息,昨日,西南地区东部、江南南部、华南北部及云南西北部、海南岛西北部等地出现中到大雨、局地暴雨,广东广州、惠州及云南怒江、海南儋州等局地大暴雨,局地伴有雷暴大风天气;内蒙古东北部、黑龙江西北部、青海东部和南部、川西高原北部出现降雪或雨夹雪;内蒙古大部、华北、东北地区及黄淮北部等地出现6~8级阵风,内蒙古东部9~11级。今日5时较昨日5时,内蒙古大部、山西北部、河北西北部等地出现4~8℃、部分地区10℃以上降温。

  未来一周,西南地区东部、江南、华南北部等地仍多降雨天气,并伴有短时强降水、雷暴大风等强对流天气。其中24日,广东中北部、福建西南部和中北部、江西南部、浙江南部、西藏东南部等地部分地区有大到暴雨,福建中北部局地有大暴雨,局地伴有雷暴大风等强对流天气。今日为最强降雨时段,明日降水明显减弱。中央气象台4月24日06时继续发布暴雨蓝色预警。

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