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  【法眼观】

  “充值便利,退卡很难”“课程缩水,质量下跌”“卡还在,店却不见了”……从几百元的健身卡,到上千元的美容卡、私教课,再到孩子的各类兴趣培训班,近年来预付式消费在健身、教育、美容以及餐饮等领域遍地开花,却频因商家卷款跑路、收款不退等问题而纠纷不断。

  预付式消费,就是消费者基于对经营者的信任,预先支付费用,再享受服务的一种消费模式。但商家跑路、服务缩水、格式合同设陷阱等乱象,让这场建立在信任基石上的交易逐渐失衡。

  最高法发布的《关于审理预付式消费民事纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(以下简称《解释》)将于5月1日正式实施。《解释》直击“卷款跑路”“霸王条款”“收款不退”“举证难”等侵犯消费者合法权益的痛点堵点,以法治红线画出消费者权益保护圈,筑牢消费者权益保护屏障。

  “逃债者”逃不出法网

  前一天还在正常营业,第二天就大门紧闭。2023年10月,北京丰台市民小王像往常一样准备在瑜伽店小程序约课,却发现小程序无法操作,咨询客服也未获回应。当她赶到店铺时,大门紧闭,她这才惊觉瑜伽店老板“跑路”了。

  会员卡内还有8000余元还没消费呢!小王联系其他会员得知,该店所属公司半个月前已注销,法定代表人也完成变更为薛某,之后薛某将公司注销。在意识到被套路后,小王持未消费的8260元会员卡,将薛某诉至北京市丰台区人民法院,要求赔偿损失。庭审中,薛某提交《清算报告》称债权债务已结清。但实际上,200余名会员近40万元预付资金仍未解决。

  “本案中,薛某在不具备经营能力的情况下接店,导致消费者无法正常接受服务,有违诚实信用原则。接手店铺后,以虚假材料骗取登记机关恶意注销公司,属于帮助经营者逃避债务的行为。此种行为损害了众多消费者的合法权益,严重扰乱了正常的市场经济秩序,恶化了营商环境。”该案主审法官李强表示,据此,法院判决薛某退还小王未消费金额8260元。

  在预付式消费领域,类似商家“换马甲”“金蝉脱壳”的手法屡见不鲜,这是典型的“职业闭店人”套路。记者了解到,此类违法“职业闭店”行为主要表现为两种形式:一是出谋划策,通过安排“背债人”、为消费者维权设置障碍等方式帮助经营者闭店逃债;二是通过收购、参股等方式直接参与原店铺经营,诱骗消费者继续充值,收到预付资金后闭店“跑路”。

  在司法实践中,对于不法经营者卷款跑路行为的规制,通常依据消费者权益保护法中“经营者故意拖延或无理拒绝消费者合理退款、退货等要求”的责任规定对经营者进行处罚。然而与预付式消费带来的巨额预付资金与庞大利润相比,现行处罚标准明显力有不逮。实践中,消费者往往面临维权周期长、维权成本高、证明难度大的困难,这无疑助长了一些不法经营者无视法律、铤而走险的气焰。

  最高人民法院民一庭副庭长吴景丽表示,针对经营者在收取预付资金后,遇到经营困难就“跑路”,与消费者玩“躲猫猫”等问题,《解释》明确了“卷款跑路”经营者应承担的惩罚性赔偿责任和刑事责任,遏制“卷款跑路”行为。

  对于“职业闭店人”应承担的责任,最高人民法院副院长贺小荣在接受记者采访时表示,“背债人”背不走债务,“逃债者”逃不出法网。在“职业闭店人”或“背债人”帮助经营者卷款跑路的情况下,消费者既有权请求其承担责任,也有权请求原经营者承担责任。

  日前最高法发布的典型案例明确了“职业闭店人”归责的裁判规则:一是“职业闭店人”“背债人”与原经营者恶意串通,损害消费者权益的,应当共同向消费者承担责任;二是“职业闭店人”“背债人”的行为涉嫌诈骗等犯罪的,应当依法追究其刑事责任。

  与此同时,由于司法实践中通常遵循“谁主张谁举证”原则,不少消费者反映,预付式消费合同文本或者记录消费内容、次数、金额及预付资金余额等信息的证据往往由经营者控制,消费者获取不易,其在维权过程中常常因举证困难导致败诉。对此,《解释》明确了经营者提交其控制证据的责任。如果经营者控制上述证据却无正当理由拒不提交,可以根据消费者的主张认定争议事实。即便如此,消费者仍可能面临经营者提前转移资产、无资产可供执行问题,导致虽然赢了官司但诉讼请求却落空。有专家建议参照平台经济模式建立预付费资金第三方存管机制。

  让格式条款不再“霸道”

  “充值赠送的金额不退、退卡要按原价扣费”“一经售出,不予退款”“余额过期作废”“本公司有权单方面解约”……预付式消费领域,商家常以充值折扣吸引消费者,却在退卡时搬出“霸王条款”,让消费者有苦难言。

  “折扣、赠送属于客户的重大合同利益,即使存在折扣不退的合同约定,亦属于不合理减轻机构责任,限制客户主要权利的条款,根据民法典规定,应属无效。”北京市第三中级人民法院法官程惠炳说。

  所谓“霸王条款”,指的是经营者单方面制定的用于限制消费者权利、减免自身责任的不公平合同格式条款。在实践中,一些不法经营者利用市场强势地位,将不公平条款强势捆绑在消费服务中,使消费者陷入“不签字无服务,签了字失权益”的两难境地,既承受经济损失又徒增精神困扰。即便部分消费者试图通过法律途径维权,也会因为举证难而吃亏,难以获得应有的赔偿。

  对此,民法典、消费者权益保护法均明确了格式条款的相关规制,格式条款中包括限制消费者权利、减免自身责任的应属无效。此次出台的《解释》也明确:收款不退、丢卡不补、限制转卡等“霸王条款”应依法认定无效。

  实践中,不少消费者有“转卡”需求,但在看到格式条款上所列“不得转让”表述后,只好作罢。对于限制消费者转卡权利的格式条款,吴景丽表示,根据《解释》,限制转卡的“霸王条款”无效,消费者转让预付卡只需通知经营者即对经营者发生效力,受让人既享有原持卡人的权利,还享有请求经营者更名、修改密码的权利,解决转卡难和受让人用卡难问题。

  “本店服务不适用七日无理由退款”“一旦办卡,概不退卡”……不少办了卡的消费者抱怨称,交钱办卡后的服务质量明显不同于其宣传的那样好,想退卡却又被这一“霸王条款”阻拦。此次,《解释》中明确了消费者“七日无理由退款”的权利。

  但是,“七日无理由退款”是否会导致权利滥用,进而损害正规商家利益?对此,最高人民法院民一庭庭长陈宜芳表示,“七日无理由退款”机制不会造成权利滥用,《解释》对消费者的退款权利作出了合理限制。《解释》规定“七日无理由退款”的目的是解决信息不对称问题,如果消费者订立预付式消费合同时获得过相同商品或者服务,说明其对商品或者服务已有充分了解,就不能七日无理由退款。

  “从表面上看,消费者是‘无理由’退款,但退款背后其实还是有‘理由’的,就是存在过度劝诱、欺诈营销等行为。”陈宜芳说。

  关于“退卡”,吴景丽表示,《解释》在规定排除消费者依法退卡权利的“霸王条款”无效的基础上,进一步规定,在经营者“迁店”造成消费者明显不便、“转店”未经消费者同意、出售计时卡却不能正常提供服务等情形下消费者有权依法解除合同、请求退款。

  此外,消费者与经营者签订的合同往往包含了争议纠纷解决方式,比如格式条款中约定通过仲裁解决争议。但在实践中,仲裁机构最低收费标准甚至远高于消费者支付的预付资金,这无疑妨碍了消费者获得权利救济。陈宜芳表示,对此,《解释》明确,条款中所约定的解决争议方法不合理增加消费者维权成本的无效。

  给预付资金加一把“安全锁”

  老板卷款跑路,人去店空;资金链断裂,无法提供服务;商家账户归零,索赔无望……预付式消费作为一种先付款再享受服务的消费模式,经营者通过这一消费模式可以获得大量预付资金,形成规模庞大的资金池,在监管不足的情况下,极易产生上述风险。

  有消费者调侃:“交钱前,顾客是上帝;交钱后,却说世界没有上帝。”虽是调侃,却能透露出消费者的担忧与无奈,即能否管住预付资金,直接关系到这一消费模式下消费者对经营者信任的牢固程度。

  《解释》对不法经营者卷款跑路等现象作出了明确规定,为消费者事后维权提供了法律依据。中国法学会消费者权益保护法研究会副秘书长陈音江表示,关键是应重视对预付资金的监管,要给预付资金加一把“安全锁”。事前事中监督能有效降低违法风险,也能为消费者事后维权提供更多可期待利益,从而避免“赢了官司却拿不到赔偿”。

  如何避免“资金池”变“风险点”?在这方面北京、上海等地出台了相关管理条例。但陈音江也表达了担忧,目前我国还没有专门针对预付式消费进行全国层面的立法,有关法律规定主要分散在民法典、消费者权益保护法及部分地方立法之中。尽管部分地区进行了地方立法或有关行业出台了相关规范制度,但由于行业和区域限制以及立法层级不高等综合因素,其在实践中发挥的规范治理作用仍然有限,“上月开店,下月‘跑路’”“昨天收钱,今天失联”仍频繁上演。

  陈音江表示,预付资金监管关乎消费者切身利益,一些地方探索具有很好的借鉴意义,比如上海长宁公证处推出“公证提存”预付资金监管平台,山东济南推出预付宝模式等,增强了消费者信心。但是,也应认识到,由于目前我国还未建立全国统一的预付资金存管制度,资金存管也没有切实有效的奖惩措施,依靠企业自觉存管预付资金,效果并不理想。

  陈音江建议,应从立法层面出发,建立全国统一的预付资金存管制度,明确发卡企业的资金存管责任;建立健全预付式消费资金安全体系,通过银行资金存管、商业保险以及第三方担保等方式确保消费者预交资金安全;建立预付式消费信息披露和信用评价制度,增加预付式消费信息透明度和经营主体信誉度。

  实践中,不法经营者的“跑路”通常伴随着卷款,导致消费者权益受损,也引发预付式消费模式的信任危机。“当预付资金得以有效监管时,预付式消费领域的不法经营者将大大减少,消费者合法权益也将得到更有力保障。但也应认识到过犹不及,应依法保障合法经营企业的正当权益,保障其在预付式消费模式下的可期待利益。只有如此,这一消费模式才能创造最大的经济价值与社会价值。”陈音江说。

  (本报记者王金虎本报通讯员冯嘉欣)

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